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VMS4008 > Infectious (Iceberg) Dx in Sheep > Flashcards

Infectious (Iceberg) Dx in Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

Describe common viral, bacterial, protozoal ?

A
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2
Q

Infectious causes of poor fertility?

A

- Chlaydophilia abortus AKA Enzootic Abortion of Ewes (EAE)
- Toxoplasma gondii
- * Campylobacter fetus fetus
* Salmonella
* Q fever
* Listeria monocytogenes
* Border disease
* Schmallenberg
* Bluetongue
* (Brucellosis- Brucella ovis)

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3
Q

What do we mean by Iceber diseases?

A
  • Low Clinical Visibility
  • Lack of availability of effective diagnostic testing
  • High Subclinical PResence
  • Economic & Health Impact
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4
Q

Jhone’s dx in sheep caused by ..?

A

Mycobacterium avium sbsp Paratuberculosis
Lon incubation , no tx

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5
Q

Johne’s seen in?

A

animals >2.5yrs - weight loss

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6
Q

CLS Johne’s ?

A
  • Chronic weight loss despite normal appetite
  • Poor fleece quality
  • Bottle jaw in later stages
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7
Q

What is NOT a sign of JOHNES

A

NO Diarrhoea

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8
Q

What does Johnes indirect consequences?

A

More susceptible to other infections - mastitis etc
Lambs born to ewes in late stage = poor weight

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9
Q

Transmission of Johne’s?

A
  • Ingestion of contaminated faeces by lambs
  • Acquired in utero- less common
  • Animals shedding without clinical signs
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10
Q

Jhone’s diagnosis?

A

Serum albumin and globin
- Profound hypoalbuminaemia
- Normal globulins
- PLE

Serum ELISA
- Low sensitivity & high Sp (high n° false neg)
- Individual testing expensive

Pooled faecal PCR (on cull animals to establish prevalence)

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11
Q

Jhones Control?

A
  • Probably in all UK flocks
  • Regular BCS
  • Culling
  • Testing of thin sheep/culls (PM, Pooled faecal PCR)
  • Cull & re-stock with low risk ewes
  • Vaccination
  • CLOSED FLOCK
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12
Q

What is the agent for Caseous Lymphadenitis? (CLA)

A

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

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13
Q

Transmission of CLA?

A
  • Direct sheep-sheep during close confirnement or shearing equipment
  • highly infectious
  • Able to stay in environment for long time
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14
Q

What gross path of CLA?

A

Abscessation of superficial lymph nodes and LN of internal organs

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15
Q

Transmission of CLA

A
  • sheep:sheep in close conact
  • through contaminated equipment
  • Rams head lesions whilst fighting
  • Aerosol
  • Shared dipping
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16
Q

Which superficial LNs affected by CLA?

A
  • parotid, submandibular, popliteal, precrural and
    prescapular
  • Easily spread when abscesses open
  • Don’t often show clinical signs
17
Q

What does Internal CLs cause?

A

= spread to internal lymph nodes
- thin ewes syndrome
- associated clinical signs e.g. dyspnoea

18
Q

Diagnosis:

A
  • Blood sample - western blor
  • Interferon-Y
    -Bacteriology
19
Q

Tx & Management?

A
  • difficult to treat as ABs can’t penetrate the fibrous capsule/ into abscess to work
20
Q

PRevention LDA?

A
  • Biosecurity & testing
  • Shearing equipment /other equipment
  • buy from dx free flock
21
Q

Management of CLA?

A

Vaccination- not in UK-wont lead
to eradication
True positive Vs vaccinated
Test and Cull
Test entire flock at repeated
intervals and cull

22
Q

Describe Ovine Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma/ Jaagsiekte

A
  • Viral-induced Adenomatous lung tumours
  • Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus JRSV
23
Q

Transmission of OPA?

A
  • Horizontal transmission- ewe to ewe
  • Aerosol and infected surfaces
  • Prolonged incubation
  • Age 2-4
24
Q

CLS of OPA?

A
  • Non-specific
  • Chronic weight loss
  • Progressive dyspnoea
  • Respiratory distress
  • Crackles
  • High pitched moist lung sounds
  • Death
  • Build up of excessive fluid
  • Free flowing frothy nasal
    discharge
  • Secondary bacterial infection
25
Q

Diagnosis of OPA?

A
  • No serological test
  • PME lesions=diagnostic

Ultrasound =>
* Early diagnosis (tumours >1cm)
* Before clinical signs
* Flock screening

26
Q

What can we do to ‘find’ OPA?

A

Wheelbarrow test -> fluid comes out

27
Q

Tx for OPA?

A

fatal/none

28
Q

Prevention/Control OPA?

A
  • Closed flock
  • Buying from known dx free - history of no clinical cases
  • Quarantine?
29
Q

Management for OPA?

A
  • Management of ewes in age groups
  • Remove lambs from clinical animals
  • Reduce environmental contamination
30
Q

Prevention of OPA?

A
  • Culling out at earliest signs
  • Ultrasound screening
31
Q

Describe Maedi Visna Virus?

A

➢ Small ruminant Lentiviruses
➢ Long incubation
➢ Horizontal spread- aerosol, faeces &
colostrum/milk

32
Q

CLS of Maedi Visna?

A

➢ >3 years old
➢ Progressive wasting
➢ Progressive Interstitial Pneumonia
➢ Progressive neurological signs
➢ Ataxia and incoordination – toe dragging
➢ Weakness
➢ Paralysis
➢ Asymptomatic carriers
➢ Chronic mastitis or poor colostrum/milk
production

33
Q

what does MAedi Visna mean?

A

➢ Maedi = ‘laboured breathing’
➢ Visna = ‘Wasting’ ‘shrinkage’

34
Q

Subclin dx of MAedi Visna?

A
  • Production limiting effects
  • Lower conception rates
  • Reduced longevity
  • Lower milk yields
  • Poor lamb production
  • Chronic mastitis/inflammation
35
Q

Diagnosis of Maedi Visna ?

A

Clinical signs
Postmortem-
* Enlarged heavy lungs with grey discolouration
* Impression of ribs
* Secondary bacterial pneumonia
* Raised mediastinal LNs
* Histopathology to confirm

Serology
- Long time to seropositive conversion
- Repeated testing (ELISA, AGIDT)

36
Q

How to go about Maedi Visna Diagnosis?

A
37
Q

MV control options?

A
38
Q

Control & prevention ? (pt 1)

A
  • Run a closed flock where possible once flock
    health has been established.
  • Consider running shearlings/ewe lambs as a
    separate flock. This enables monitoring of older
    ewes and protecting replacements for as long as
    possible before mixing.
  • Fence off water courses and limit lambing in wet
    areas
  • Avoid mixing sheep close to tupping or during
    pregnancy (border disease).
  • Handle young sheep first at
    scanning/shearing/vaccination (contagious
    lymphadenitis).
  • Dagging/lambing shed hygiene is important (Johne’s disease).
39
Q

Control & prevention (pt2)

A
  • Be vigilant with regards to fomites
  • Consider fencing – escapee sheep from infected
    neighbours are a real threat.
  • Take care with regards to pooled colostrum (maedi
    visna/Johne’s disease/ovine pulmonary
    adenomatosis) or cow colostrum.
  • Demand health status of purchased sheep
  • Avoid buying through markets or dealers mixing sheep
    from multiple sources.

VMS4008 (37 decks)

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