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VMS4008 > Avoidance and management of stress related dx > Flashcards

Avoidance and management of stress related dx Flashcards

1
Q

Revision - what are the two main emotional systems?

A
  • Desire seeking, social play, lust, care
  • Fear/ anxiety, frustration, panic grief, pain
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2
Q

What common problems areas associated with EH and PH interplay?

A
  • GI
  • Skin problems
  • Eyes/ areas
  • Oral dx
  • Cardioresp
  • Obesity
  • Urogenital
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3
Q

Pain can be things …?

A

Physiological, inflammatory and neuropthic

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4
Q

What is chronic pain associated with ?

A

Depressive-like symptoms

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5
Q

What happens with continued and prolonged stress?

A

may disturb the HPA axis to such an extent that
the negative feedback mechanisms are disrupted; the adaptive responses of the
HPA axis may then become maladaptive.

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6
Q

Low levels of serotonin …= ?

A

Found to be relevant in increased pain sensitivity

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7
Q

How to take a bhvr history?

A

» Done while taking medical history.
» Look for incidents or events that could be related to the behaviour change/clinical signs.
» Best map it in a timeline.
» Use specific terminology to describe behaviour/ findings not anthropomorphic terminologies

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8
Q

What can commonly be emotional disorders manifesting as physical disorders ?

A

»Urinary disorders – Feline Idiopathic
Cystitis, Feline urological syndrome

»Gastrointestinal disorders – IBD,
stomatitis, gingivitis, gut stasis
(rabbits/rodents), constipation

»Neurological type disorder- Feline
Hyperesthesia Syndrome (FHS)

»Obesity

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9
Q

FIC - Describe

A
  • neurohormonal abnormality complex
  • Tx aimed to dec central noradrenergic drive important in reducing signs of FIC
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10
Q

C/S of FIC?

A
  • Change in bhvr, inappropriate urination, excessive grooming, vocalisation
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11
Q

What problems with FIC?

A
  • Genetics
  • Rearing
  • Husbandry
  • Emotional conflict
  • Confidence
  • Self confidence
  • Environment
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12
Q

Environmental optimising strategies?

A

» Prey preference
» Scratching preference
» Safe space – rest space, hunting space
» Feeding – location, space, routine,
» Water – location, amount
» Resource spacing
» Litter tray – substrate, location, numbers, type

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13
Q

Behaviour modification ?

A

» Reduce conflict
» Avoid change in lifestyle.
» Positive association – training for health
» Increase confidence – seize punitive tx, praise small wins

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14
Q

Drug/pheromone Therapy ?

A
  • Inc self confidene
  • Inc feeling of a safe space
    Analgesia
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15
Q

Feline hyperesthesia syndrome C/S?

A

dilated pupils ; sudden excitaiton, biting tail, vocalisation,

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16
Q

General info for feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

A
  • Disorder poor pathophysiology
  • Must rule out other conditions
  • Often brought in as a neurological problem
17
Q

Differentials for Feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

A
  • Derm
  • Bhvr
  • Orthopaedic
  • Neurological brain tumours
18
Q

What to do for feline hyperesthesia syndrome?

A
  • Optimising environment
  • Address emotional arousal
  • Provide safe space to rest and hide
  • Pain management
19
Q

Describe GI disorders

A
  • Prolonged/acute stress affect GI through different mechanisms eg microbiome, permeability, inflammatory response
  • Inc Sympathetic NS and lack of cortisol inhibition can lead to inc tissue permeability
20
Q

Bhvr signs of GIT ?

A

Change in defecation pattern , stool consistently, feeding eg conpulsive eating, PICA

21
Q

Risk factors to Obesity associated with negative or conflicted emotional states

A
  • Poor diet & feeding
  • Social stress
  • Lifestyle
  • Owner’s behaviour
  • Co-existing health problems
  • Genetics & Gender
22
Q

Diagnosis of Obesity (Bhvr motivated) ?

A
  • Behaviour history
  • Videos/ Photo
  • Rule out other conditions eg DM, Hypothyroidism
  • Emotional motivation – F/A?
  • Eating pattern- compulsive, PICA
23
Q

Tx & Management for Obesity?

A
  • Change feeding pattern – slow feeder, puzzle, scatter
  • Reduce emotional conflict
  • Pain management
  • Safe feeding space
  • Establish normal feeding pattern eg predatory feeding in cats
  • Treat emotional disorder - drugs/pheromone/ nutraceuticals
24
Q

Physical disorders contributing to emotional conditions ?

A
  • Epilepsy
  • Pseudopregnancy
25
Q

How does epilepsy contribute to emotional conditions?

A
  • Fear/ Anxiety
  • Aggressive bhvr
  • Abnormal perception
26
Q

How does pseudopregnancy contribute to emotional conditions?

A
  • Anxiety/ Frustration
  • Emotional conflict
  • Guarding
  • Restless
  • Building nest / ‘hoarding’
27
Q

What Tx principles ?

A
  • Nutritional (for physical condition)
  • Nutraceutical (target neuroT e.G. L-tryptophan, L-theanine
  • Medication - target neuroT (onset 3-5 wks ; fluoxetine, alprazolam
  • Bhvr modification
28
Q

What medication can be used in bhvr medicine?

A
  • Serotonin - serotonergic neurons in brains, high % absorbed in the gut. Regulates, sleep, appetite, mood. Serotonin Specific Re-uptake Inhibitor - SSRIs require tx for min 6-8 weeks
29
Q

What two serotonin inhibitors can we use?

A
  • Tricyclic antidepresants (TCAs) eg clomipramine and Amitriptyline inc concentration of both Serotonin and NE in synapse
  • Serotonin antagonist reuptake inhibtor (SARI) e.g. Trazadone
30
Q

What to BEWARE of wirh SSRI, MAOI & TCAs use?

A

Serotonin Syndrome - tremors, muscle fasciculations, seizure, agitation

31
Q

Dopamine - use?

A

Important for +ve salience, memory and reward. Inc in response to rewards like food, water. Monoamine Oxidase (MOA) inhibitors (Selegiline) used to manage cognitive dysfunction

32
Q

Describe Norepinephrine use?

A

noradrenergic systems play a role to regulate moods, arousal, CVS
function (vasoconstriction/increase blood pressure). Eg; selective alpha2receptor agonist
(Clonidine, Xylazine, Medetomidine)

33
Q

Describe ACh

A

inhibition of enzyme, prolongs ACh half life, enhance cholinergic
transmission. Associated with learning, memory, muscle movement.

34
Q

GABA use?

A

primary inhibitory NT in the brain

    • Benzodiazepines ( Diazepam, Alprazolam, Clonazepam) used for sedation,
      muscle relaxation, anxiety reduced. Has retrograde amnesic properties.
    • Imepitoin (Pexion) was developed as anticonvulsant is partial agonist of
      benzodiazepines of GABA. Licensed for use in dogs for fear/anxiety.
35
Q

Prevent escalation of problem?

A
  • client education about bhvr interplay with Physical dx
  • Discuss probable bhvr change associated with condition
  • Treat early or use neutraceuticals if expecting emotional stress
  • Bhvr mods should always be introduced when treating condition

VMS4008 (42 decks)

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