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VMS4008 > Canine Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Canine Infectious Diseases Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What are the main Canine infectious diseases to consider?

A

» Leptospirosis
» Aspergillosis
» Canine parvovirus
» Canine adenovirus
» Canine distemper virus
» Angiostrongylosis
» Brucellosis
» Toxoplasmosis
»** Giardia, Toxocara**
» Campylobacter, Salmonella

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3
Q

Is infectious disease test results diagnostic?

A

NO

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4
Q

What infectious dx testing can we do?

A
  • Bact cultures
  • Serology
  • Cytology / histology
  • PCR
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5
Q

Describe a ‘false positive’

A
  • ‘False positive’: previous infection/exposure without clinical relevance (e.g., Toxoplasma antibodies)
  • ‘False positive’: previous vaccination
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6
Q

‘False negative’

A

recent infection (i.e before seroconversion)
or
Inappropriate sample/ sampling site

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7
Q

What rapid in house screening tests can we do?

A
  • SNAP 4Dx Plus (blood)
  • SNAP Lepto (blood)
  • SNAP Parvo (faeces)
  • SNAP Giardia (faeces)
  • Angio Detect (blood)

ELISA technology -> detect antibody or antigen

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8
Q

Describe Canine Leptospirosis

A
  • Gr - bact, multiple pathogenic & non pathogenic serovars
  • Worldwide
  • Resistant bacteria: survivak for many months in water and soil
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9
Q

Who are the reservoir hosts for LEpto?

A

Mostly rodents & other wildlife
Dogs = accidental hosts

ex: rodent dies in stream and dog drinsk from it

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10
Q

What are the principle serovars dogs wll get with Lepto?

A
  • L. canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae
  • L. bratislava, grippotyphosa, australis
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11
Q

What mode of transmission/ entry point?

A

Usually indirect contact through CONTAMINATED WATER (infected urine)

Entry points: MM or broken skin

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12
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Canine Lepto?

A

Host entry -> leptospiraemia -> kidneys, livern other organs -> ongoing urinary shedding (renal carrier)

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13
Q

What main CLS of Lepto?

A
  • Lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia
  • V+ / D+ PUPD - oliguria/ anuria due to AKI
  • Bleeding tendicies (pulm haemorrhages)
  • Icterus (cholestatic hepatopathy)
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14
Q

What will we see on blood & urine results with canine lepto?

naine

A
  • Thrombocytopaenia
  • Azotaemia
  • Inc liver enymes
  • Hyperbilirubinaemia

Urine:
- Isothernuria, proteinuria, sometimes glucosuria

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15
Q

How do we diagnose Canine Lepto?

A

» History: - contact with rats / rural environment / swimming in slow-moving streams – ponds
- unvaccinated dog
» AKI +/- acute hepatopathy (+/- haemorrhagic diathesis)
→ any AKI and/or acute hepatopathy without identified cause: Lepto-suspect until proven otherwise

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16
Q

What diagnostic tests to do for Lepto?

A
  • MAT Serology (Microscopic Agglutination test)
    -PCR (on blood + urine before starting ABs) -> quick and quite reliable
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17
Q

Describe MAT serology?

A
  • vaccination → + MAT titers for months (usually low level titers)
  • repeat MAT after 2 weeks (to document seroconversion / 4-fold increase)
  • cross-reaction between serovars/groups
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18
Q

What Tx for Canine Lepto ?

A
  • ABs (treat before lab confirms)
  • Supportive / symptomatic for AKI /hepatopathy

remember to follow up renal function: full recovery vs CKD

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19
Q

WHICH ABs to give for Lepto?

A
  • 1) acute disease / during leptospiraemia: IV penicillin (amoxicillin)
  • 2) PO doxycycline (5 mg/kg q12h, 2 weeks)

Switch from 1 to 2 when GI signs controlled

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20
Q

What prevention for Lepto?

A
  • Vaccination
  • Core vaccination > new 4 serovars: Leptospira canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, grippotyphosa, australis

Most routine disinfectants kill lepto

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21
Q

Describe Aspergillosis broadly

A
  • sinonasal aspergillosis: fungal infection from Aspergillus fumigatus
  • One of the msot common causes of chronic nasal discharge (+/_ epistaxis) in dogs
  • Dolichocephalic breed over represented
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22
Q

How do you diagnose Aspergillosis?

A
  • Cultue of nasal disC
  • Serology (variable Se/Sp) (AGID: low sensitivity but false positives = rare)
  • CT (destructive rhinits, rhinoscopy (plaques)
  • Confirmation: fungal culture, histology
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23
Q

Tx/ management of aspergillosis?

A
  • challenging, relapses possible
  • oral antifungals (itraconazole)
  • +/- topical treatment (endoscopic debridement + antifungals / sinus trepanation) to increase
    chances of successful therapy (but multiple treatments often needed)
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24
Q

Describe broadly canine parvo?

A
  • Highly environmentally resistant & highly contagious virus, caused by strains of PCV-2
  • Worldwide occurence, with high morbidity and mortality
  • clinical dx MOSTLY in puppies
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25
Q

Pathogenesis of parvoV?

A

Tropism for rapidly dividing cells (GI tract & bone marrow) -> enteritis & BM suppression (neutropenia) -> secondary bacterial infections/ sepsis

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26
Q

Signs of PArvo?

A

V+ d+ watery -> haemorrhagi
Anorexia, lethargy, pyrexia, abdo pain

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27
Q

Diagnosis of Canine parvo?

A
  • acute vomiting & diarrhoea (+/- haemorrhagic))
  • age
  • vaccination status
  • neutropenia
  • parvovirus detection in faeces:-> in house ELISA or PCR
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28
Q

Tx for Canine Parvo?

A
  • IVT + electrolytes (hypoK common), glucose monitoring
  • Early enteral feeding
  • ABs (if neutropenic)
  • Symptomatic / supportive (anti-emetics, analgesia)
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29
Q

Prevention of parvo?

A

Vaccination (core), disinfection of contaminated areas (bleach-based)

30
Q

Broadly describe canine adenovirus

A
  • type 1 (CAV-1) causing** Canine infectious canine hepatitis (ICH)**
  • Uncommon diagnosis
  • Viraeia with tropism for endothelial cells, various epithelial cells and hepatocytes -> variable systemic dx with coagulopathy & hepatopathy
31
Q

What clinical presentation of adnovirus?

A
  • pyrexia, lethargy & other non-specific systemic signs
  • bleeding disorder / DIC, signs of hepatopathy / liver failure (vomiting, diarrhoea, neurological signs (HE))
  • increased ALT/ALP, abnormal coagulation parameters
32
Q

Diagnosis of adenovirus?

A

PCR (on secretions or excretions)

33
Q

Tx & Prevention adenovirus?

A

supportive tx
Vaccinate & isolate infected dogs

34
Q

Give broad description of distemper virus?

A
  • CDV belonging to Parayxoviridae family, high mortality rate
  • UNcommon diagnosis in UK
  • Air-borne aerosols & other modes of transmission by excretions/ secretions
35
Q

Presentation of distmeper virus?

A

All infected dogs can present with neuro gisnfs while systemic signs depend on immune system response
usually systemic signs first if any then neuro

36
Q

Describe neuro signs.

A
  • usually progressive signs: seizures, ataxia, hypermetria, para/tetraparesis, neck pain
  • almost pathognomonic: ‘myoclonia’ (focal head / limbs or generalised)
37
Q

Describe systemic signs of distemper?

A

t (pyrexia, GI signs, pneumonia (nasal discharge & cough), hyperkeratosis
nasal planum / foot pads & pustular skin lesions)

38
Q

Diagnosis of distemper?

A
  • clinical signs
  • travel history
  • (usually incomplete) vaccination history
  • PCR on almost any sample type
    (recent vaccination with modified-live vaccine: some PCR tests positive)
39
Q

Tx & prevention of distemper?

A
  • supportive, abs if secondary bact infection
  • Prevention: vaccination, isolation of infected dogs
40
Q

Describe Angiostrongylosis?

A

» Angiostrongylus vasorum: metastrongylid nematode, infecting canidae (dogs & foxes)
» Patchy distribution in Europe, widespread in UK
» Emerging & increasing prevalence: before mostly south of England, now also more in northern areas

41
Q

Describe infection with angiostrongylus?

A

» Adults live in pulmonary vasculature (and right side of heart)
» Dogs become infected by L3 larvae after eating infected intermediate hosts:
molluscs (slugs and snails)

42
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of angiostrongylus

A

mainly respiratory signs
* coughing, tachypnea, dyspnea
* right-sided heart failure (pulmonary hypertension)
* bleeding tendency (central nervous signs,…)
* (hypercalcaemia – PU/PD)

43
Q

Diagnosis fo angiostrongylus?

A
  • Faeces: BAermann flotation (intermittent shedding tho) -> gold standard
  • Direct faecal smear (Se 50-60%)
  • Cytology or tracheal wash/BAL (larvae)
  • AngioDetect (blood antigen) - high Se & Sp but false neg poss
44
Q

Tx of Angiostrongylus ?

A
  • imidacloprid/moxidectin; milbemycin (MLs) (also for prevention – monthly)
  • fenbendazole (7-21 days) (‘slower’ kill method)

(glucocorticoids against post-treatment anaphylaxis)

45
Q

Describe Brucellosis

A

» Brucella canis: Gr- bacteria causing chronic disease, mostly reproductive signs
» Clinical disease in dogs & humans (dog = natural reservoir)
» Uncommon, but several cases reported in UK recently

46
Q

Brucellosis is a reportable dx - what does this mean?

A

Brucellosis is= legally required to report pos result, but not NOTIFIABLE (where you have to report suspected cases too)

47
Q

How do dogs get infected?

A
  • infected through urine, aborted materials, vaginal/seminal secretions -> regional lymph nodes -> bacteraemia (months)
48
Q

What systems does brucellosis affect

A
  • Genital tract
  • other: IVDs, eye , kidney
49
Q

Clinical presentations of brucellosis?

A
  • infertility, abortion, weak puppies; orchitis/epididymitis, prostatitis
  • lymphadenopathy, discospondylitis, osteomyelitis, polyarthritis, uveitis, glomerulonephritis
50
Q

Diagnosis brucellosis?

A

SEROLOGY send to APHA -> combined SAT & iELISA

SAT: semi quantitiave, false pos & neg possible but good screening test

51
Q

What other indicators to diagnose brucellosis?

A
  • Hyperglobulinaemia
  • Reactive lymphadenopathy
  • PCR & culture high Sp but low Se
52
Q

Tx of brucellosis ?

A

Prolonged, combination antibiotics needed – not 100% succesful, treatment failure or relapse is common →
often recommendation for euthanasia (zoonosis), especially if clinically unwell

53
Q

Zoonotic risk of brucellosis ?

make sure lab people know

A
  • exposure to infected fluids/tissue, often laboratory-acquired
  • fever, lymphadenopathy; sterility, abortion

ask about travel info & suspected case: do serology first & barrier nurs

54
Q

Describe Toxoplasma (Zoonoti) ?

A

» Toxoplasma gondii: intracellular coccidian parasite infecting nearly all warm-blooded vertebrates
» Infection/exposure is common in cats, clinical disease is uncommon in dogs & cats

55
Q

Who are the natural or intermedioate hosts of toxoplasma?

A

Cat = natural host - dog/human intermediate host

Intestinal cycle only in felines (excreting oocysts in faeces) - extra-intestinal cycle in all hosts (tissue cysts)

56
Q

Clinical presentation of toxoP?

A

Extra-intestinal cycle leadin to hepatic, pancreaticn pulm, eyes, and/or neuroM signs

57
Q

Diagnosis of ToxoP?

A
  • Ante-mortem diagnosis difficult (PCR, cytology, histo)
  • Serology (IgM,IgG abs) (IgG previosu exposure, IgM active dx)
58
Q

TX for ToxoP?

A

Clindamycine (12.5mg/kg bid 4 weeks)

59
Q

Describe Giardia

A
  • Giardia duodenalis, coccidian flagellate protozoan parasite
  • common in young animals but GI signs can occur at any age
  • Many asymptomati carrier & intermittent shedding
60
Q

What CLS of giardia?

A

Small intestine diarrhoea, sometimes wieght loss and vomiting

61
Q

Diagnosis of Giardia?

(on several pooled faecal samples)

A
  • Fresh faecal microscopy exam (see trophozoites), faecal flotation, faecal ELISA, PR
62
Q

Tx of Giardia?

A

FENBENDAZOLE
Prevention of reinfection - contaminated area disinfected

63
Q

Toxocara info?

A
  • ROundworm , adult nematodes living in SI
  • Toxacara anie or leonina
  • very common in puppies
64
Q

CLs in puppies fo toxocara?

A

D+, weight loss, failure to thrive, (migrating juvenile namtodes: hepatic , pulm, ocular damage)

65
Q

Diagnosis & Tx of Toxacara?

A

Dx: faecal flotation
Tx: anthrlmintics

66
Q

Prevention toxaara?

A

deworming at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of age, then at a minimum of 6-month intervals

67
Q

Campylobacter describe

A

» Gr- curved rods
» C. jejuni = species most commonly associated with
diarrhoea in dogs, cats, humans – most other species are
non-pathogenic

68
Q

Diagnosis of Campy?

A

Fresh faecal analysis: culture, PCR

69
Q

Salmonella general info?

A

» Gr- bacillus of Enterobacteriaceae family
» Primarily intestinal bacteria, but can cause systemic
disease (sepsis)
REPORTABLE DX IN DOGS

70
Q

Diagnosis Salmonella?

A

Enriched culture or PCr on frrsh faecal smaple

71
Q

BOth Campy & Salmonella are ……

A

ZOONOTIC

72
Q

Signs & Tx for both campy & Slamonella?

A

» Acute haemorrhagic enterocolitis = main clinical presentation
» Pyrexia, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea (watery, mucoid, haemorrhagic)
» No antibiotics for uncomplicated disease, only when signs of sepsis
» Isolation / barrier nursing in wards
» Hygienic measures for all faeces

VMS4008 (42 decks)

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