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AP BIO > the origin of species > Flashcards

the origin of species Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

macroevolution

A

evolution of new species

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2
Q

speciation

A

origin of a new species

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3
Q

what 2 processes lead to speciation?

A

anagenesis (phyletic evolution)
cladogenesis (branching evolution)

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4
Q

anagenesis

A

accumulation of changes transforming one species into another species

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5
Q

cladogenesis

A

budding of one or more new species from a parent species that can continue to exist

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6
Q

what did Linnaeus describe species in terms of?

A

morphology - their physical form

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7
Q

what does taxonomy consider differences in today?

A

body function, biochemistry, behavior, and genetic makeup (DNA)

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8
Q

biological species concept

A

defines a species as a population who can interbreed in nature to produce viable, fertile offspring with each other and not those with members of other species

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9
Q

what is the exception to the biological species concept?

A

in zoos or in labs where hybrids are sometimes produced between species that do not interbreed in nature

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10
Q

prezygotic barriers

A

reproductive barriers that isolate gene pools that happen prior to the formation of the zygote

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11
Q

postzygotic barriers

A

reproductive barriers that isolate gene pools that happen after the formation of a zygote

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12
Q

5 prezygotic barriers

A

habitat isolation
behavioral isolation
temporal isolation
mechanical isolation
gametic isolation

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13
Q

habitat isolation

A

2 species live in different habitats and do not encounter each other
2 species of parasites live on diff hosts and never mate

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14
Q

behavioral isolation

A

special behavior unique
probably the important reproductive barrier with closely related species
fireflies of diff species have special patterns of blinking for mating

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15
Q

temporal isolation

A

2 species mate during different times of the day, diff seasons, or diff years
orchid flowers open in the morning and wither that evening allowing pollination occur only once the entire year

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16
Q

mechanical isolation

A

2 closely related species try to mate, but it is anatomically impossible
lock and key fit between bird species

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17
Q

gametic isolation

A

gametes may meet, but no zygote is formed
fish release eggs water next to the eggs of other species, and the sperm recognizes the correct eggs by specific molecules (proteins) on the coats of the eggs allowing for fertilization

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18
Q

3 postzygotic barriers

A

reduced hybrid viability
reduced hybrid fertility
hybrid breakdown

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19
Q

reduced hybrid viability

A

zygote has formed but is genetically incompatible between 2 species
abort, incomplete development, or be a weak offspring

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20
Q

reduced hybrid fertility

A

the hybrid offspring is healthy, but sterile due to the failure of meiosis to produce normal gametes if the chromosome number and structure different from the 2 parental series
donkey + horse = mule

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21
Q

hybrid breakdown

A

first generation hybrids are healthy and fertile, but when they mate with one another or with either parental species, the next generation is weak or sterile

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22
Q

what does the biological species concept not work for?

A

extinct life forms - the fossils must be grouped according to morphology
asexual organisms who don’t interbreed, but essentially make clones
sometimes it is too rigid - coyotes breed with dogs and produce fertile hybrid offspring but still are separate species

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23
Q

what does the biological species concept emphasize?

A

reproductive isolation of a species interbreeding with each other and not other species

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24
Q

5 alternative species concept

A

morphological species concept
recognition species concept
cohesion/pluralistic species concept
ecological species concept
evolutionary species concept

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25
Q

morphological species concept

A

separates species based on physical features

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26
Q

recognition species concept

A

emphasizes mating adaptations that enable a species to “recognize” mates
behavioral, morphological, or molecular

27
Q

cohesion/pluralistic species concept

A

combining several of the species concepts together

28
Q

ecological species concept

A

emphasizes where species live and what they do = their niche, the role the species plays in the environment

29
Q

evolutionary species concept

A

emphasizes evolutionary lineage

30
Q

2 ways to bring about speciation

A

allopatric speciation
sympatric speciation

31
Q

when does allopatric speciation come about?

A

when a geographical barrier physically isolates a single population and blocks gene flow
then new populations undergo microevolution that may eventually lead to macroevolution– more likely that a small population will change substantially enough to become a new species

32
Q

where does allopatric geographical location of a small population usually occur?

A

peripheral isolated population - boundary of a parent population’s range

33
Q

what is the characteristic of the peripheral isolate’s genes? what happens if it is a small population?

A

differ from the parental population to begin with and if it is small population, the founder effect may result

34
Q

what will happen until the peripheral isolate becomes a large population?

A

the gene pool will change a lot and at random due to mutations and sexual recombination
some alleles might become “fixed” (homozygous)
then evolution may occur by natural selection, especially is the environment is somewhat different, turning the peripheral isolate into a new species

35
Q

what are living laboratories for speciation? why?

A

islands
they allow for adaptive/explosive radiation - the evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor

36
Q

what is sympatric speciation?

A

occurs due to intrinsic factors such as chromosomal changes (in plants) and nonrandom mating(in animals) that alter gene flow
when populations coexist in the same idea, but are reproductively isolated

37
Q

how can a new species be generated through a genetic change?

A

if a genetic change results in a mutant that cannot breed with the parent population

38
Q

polyploidy

A

many plant species today resulted due to this having an extra set of chromosomes

39
Q

autoploidy

A

polyploidy that came from a single species

40
Q

alloploidy

A

extra set of chromosomes comes from another species
usually sterile and reproduce asexually
but are vigorous as they have combined the best qualities of their two parents

41
Q

most commercial plants today are?

A

polyploids - oats, cotton, potatoes, tobacco, and wheat

42
Q

how are polyploids with special qualities created?

A

done with the aid of radiation/chemicals

43
Q

how can sympatric speciation occur in animals?

A

when animals of the same species living in the same area become reproductively isolated from the parent population as genetic factors cause them to become fixed on resources not used by the parent population

44
Q

what happens when 2 closely related species that have been allopatric for some time come back into contact?

A

may be able to interbreed meaning speciation hasnt occurred
or
evolutionary divergence have led to 2 separate species that cannot interbreed
or
hybrid zone

45
Q

what is a hybrid zone?

A

a region where 2 related populations that diverged after being allosterically separated come back together and interbreed only where their ranges overlap

46
Q

ways reproductive isolation/species can occur

A

changing of many gene loci in a population - Darwin
changing of only a few loci in a population

47
Q

what are scientists believing know contrary to Darwin’s beliefs?

A

gradual speciation alone does not bring about new species, it is now believed that some speciation occurred more rapidly

48
Q

what is microevolution?

A

the idea that many small allele changes lead to big changed over a long span of time

49
Q

what do we not find in fossils concerning gradualism?

A

rarely find gradual intermediates of fossil forms
instead we find new species appearing suddenly in layers of rocks and then disappearing as quickly as they appeared

50
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

species diverge in spurts of relatively rapid change then change a little even as they give rise to additional species

51
Q

how quickly are these quick spurts thought to bring about change?

A

a few 100 or a few 1000 generations that can take thousands of year, short considering a successful species exists for a few million years

52
Q

what is the equilibrium component of punctuated equilibrium?

A

the species stays the same for so long if the environment does not change

53
Q

what is the punctuated component of punctuated equilibrium?

A

it is punctuated by episodes by speciation

54
Q

what do gradualists think of equilibrium?

A

it is an illusion and that changes occur if not at the macro level than at the micro level

55
Q

from what does the fossil record show that birds evolved from?

A

earthbound dinosaurs

56
Q

what happened to the function of existing structures?

A

there was a refinement of existing structures for a new purpose

57
Q

exaptation

A

refers to a structure that evolved in one context and became co-opted for another function

58
Q

how can slight genetic divergence lead to major structural changed?

A

developmental biology and understanding allometric growth

59
Q

allometric growth

A

other measure growth
a difference in relative rated of growth of different parts of the body help to shape an organism

60
Q

paedomorphosis

A

retain juvenile features as am adult
axolotl keeps its gills

61
Q

what does an evolutionary trend not mean?

A

does not mean it is goal orientated

62
Q

what are species evolving a result of?

A

not choosing, but a result of genetic changes and the environmental response

63
Q

the lineage showing a trend toward a larger body is due to what?

A

due to chance alone

64
Q

what does the fossil record show in terms of emerging species?

A

fossils are not in a straight line but branches into many species

AP BIO (30 decks)

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