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meiosis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what happens in Interphase I? (2)

A

DNA is in loose form chromatin
All organelles and DNA get copied

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2
Q

Prophase I (2)

A

Chromatin condenses
homologues come together (synapsis) in pairs called tetrads
chiasmata

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3
Q

metaphase I

A

homologues line up at metaphase plate with the help of kinetochore microtubules

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4
Q

anaphase i

A

homologous pairs get separated and pulled to opposite poles

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5
Q

telophase I (4)

A

nuclear envelope reforms
spindle apparatus breaks up
nucleolus reappears
DNA loosens into chromatin

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6
Q

cytokinesis I

A

cytoplasm splits resulting in two different daughter cells, each contain one of the homologues

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7
Q

prophase II (3)

A

nuclear envelope breaks up
spindle apparatus forms and attached to sister chromatids
nucleolus disappears

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8
Q

metaphase II

A

sister chromatids line up at metaphase plate

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9
Q

anaphase II

A

sister chromatids separate at the centromere and move toward opposite poles

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10
Q

telophase II (4)

A

nuclear envelope reforms
spindle apparatus breaks up
nucleolus reappears
DNA loosens into chromatin

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11
Q

cytokinesis II

A

cytoplasm splits resulting in 4 different haploid daughter cells

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12
Q

what is the units of inheritance onto offspring called?

A

genes

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13
Q

where are genes located?

A

chromosomes

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14
Q

what are genes made up of?

A

DNA

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15
Q

what class of biomolecules does DNA belong to?

A

nucleic acids/ polynucleotide

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16
Q

monomers of nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

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17
Q

3 parts of nucleotides of DNA

A

Nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, phosphate group

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18
Q

what does the N-base connect directly to?

A

phosphate group

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19
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

DNA and Rna

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20
Q

what do DNA and RNA enable organisms to do?

A

reproduce their components from one generation to the next

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21
Q

two families in n-bases

A

purine and pyrimidines

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22
Q

which n base family is bigger?

A

purines w/ 6 membered ring fused to 5 membered ring compared to 6 membered rings of pyrimidines

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23
Q

types of purines

A

adenine and guanine

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24
Q

members of pyrimidine family

A

DNA - cytosine, thymine
RNA - cytosine, uracil

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25
Q

what does adenine bond to?

A

thymine with 2 bonds between them

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26
Q

what does cytosine bond to?

A

guanine with 3 bonds between them

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27
Q

pentose sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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28
Q

pentose sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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29
Q

difference between pentose sugar in DNA and RNA

A

deoxyribose lacks an oxygen atom on number 2 carbon

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30
Q

transmission of traits from one generation to the next

A

heredity

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31
Q

variation

A

changes from offspring to siblings

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32
Q

genetics

A

study of heredity and variation

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33
Q

number of chromosomes in human body cells

A

46 chromosomes in somatic cells

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34
Q

number of chromosomes in reproductive cells

A

23 chromosomes in gametes

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35
Q

how many genes on 46 chromosomes total?

A

20-25,000 genes

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36
Q

what does each chromosome consist of?

A

single long DNA molecule - has 100-1,000 of genes on it

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37
Q

what is the gene’s locus

A

specific location on the chromosome

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38
Q

plural of locus

A

loci

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39
Q

what does our genes program?

A

the specific traits that emerge as we develop from fertilized eggs to adults

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40
Q

what information do genes contain?

A

info of all the traits of the body

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41
Q

why does the DNA rely on the mRNA?

A

it’s too big to exit the nucleus, so it relies on the mRNA to transcribe/ carry out DNA’s message out of the nucleus

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42
Q

what does the mRNA do after exiting the nucleus?

A

arrives at a ribosome where the message gets translated into the making of a polypeptide

43
Q

asexual reproduction occurs more often with?

A

unicellular organisms

44
Q

how do some multicellular organisms asexually reproduce (along with unicellular)?

A

budding

45
Q

how are buds derived?

A

by mitosis - not meiosis, therefore the offspring are identical to the parent assuming no mutation

46
Q

what does asexual reproduction bring about?

A

clones of genetically identical individuals

47
Q

how does sexual reproduction relate to variation/diversity?

A

results in greater genetic variation because unique combinations of genes come from both parents

48
Q

what is sexual reproduction the result of?

A

gametes coming together that were formed during meiosis

49
Q

what does the life cycle of an organism follow?

A

the reproductive stages of an organism from generation to generation

50
Q

how do chromosomes differ? (3)

A

by their lengths, location of their centromeres, and by their distinctive banding patterns when stained

51
Q

although humans have 46 chromosomes, how many pairs do we have?

A

23 pairs - 2 each kind. one from maternal and one from paternal

52
Q

what is it called when chromosomes are arranged in pairs starting with the longest?

A

karyotype

53
Q

what are chromosomes that carry the same traits called? (4)

A

homologues
homologous pairs
homologous chromosomes
tetrads

54
Q

different stages of “chromosomes”

A

chromosome -> 2 sister chromatids -> tetrads

55
Q

what type of genes do homologous pairs carry?

A

same genes at the same loci

56
Q

how do traits show up in chromosomes?

A

different version called alleles

57
Q

what is the exception to alleles?

A

X and Y chromosomes (sex chromosomes)

58
Q

female homologous chromosomes

A

XX

59
Q

male homologous chromosomes

A

XY

60
Q

why do we have homologous pairs of chromosomes?

A

we inherit 1 chromosome from each parent, so altogether we inherit 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 from dad

61
Q

what do each egg/sperm cell contain?

A

22 autosomes and either an X or a Y for a total sum of 23 chromosomes

62
Q

what type of cells are gametes?

A

haploid (1n)

63
Q

what happens in fertilization?

A

2 haploids come together to form a zygote that is diploid (2n)

64
Q

what happens once the zygote forms?

A

mitosis/cleavage occurs to allow the offspring to grow and develop

65
Q

what are the only cells in the body not made by mitosis?

A

gametes that are made in the gonads by meiosis

66
Q

2 types of meiosis

A

spermatogenesis
oogenesis

67
Q

are all life on earth separated into 1n and 2n?

A

no, fungi and some algae are different, their multicellular body cells and agmates are already in 1n state, so via mitosis they are ready to fertilize/form a zygote - the 2n state temporarily

68
Q

what do fungi need to do since their body cells exist normally as multicellular haploids?

A

halve their chromosome number and this is accomplished by meiosis

69
Q

animal multicellualr form

A

2n

70
Q

animal gamete form

A

1n

71
Q

fungi multicellular form

A

1n

72
Q

fungi gamete form

A

1n

73
Q

if you want to take a 2n down to 1n, what is this process called?

A

meiosis

74
Q

what is cloning/making more of whatever the cell type happens to be?

A

mitosis

75
Q

examples of mitosis in haploid and dipold cells

A

haploid cells copy themselves, divide, or make more haploids
diploid cells copy themselves, divide, and make more diploids

76
Q

what does meiosis consist of?

A

meiosis I and meiosis II
2 cell divisions resulting in 4 daughter cells

77
Q

where in the cell cycle have chromsomes replicated?

A

s phase of interphase

78
Q

what are the different terms to call these x shaped structures?

A

sister chromatids, duplicated/replicated chromosomes

79
Q

with meiosis, a replicated chromosomes stays nearby its matching replicated chromosomes in what stages?

A

prophase i, metaphase ii

80
Q

what do you call 2 replicated chromosomes next to each other?

A

tetrads, homologues, homologous pairs/chromosomes

81
Q

what do you call the process of the 2 X’s coming together?

A

synapsis

82
Q

since there are four chromatids, what is this called?

A

tetrads

83
Q

when in meiosis does the exchange of genetic material called crossing over occur resulting in chiasma?

A

prophase i

84
Q

what is the whole point of meiosis i?

A

separate homologous pairs

85
Q

what is the whole point of meiosis ii?

A

separate sister chromatids

86
Q

is meiosis i or meiosis ii more like mitosis?

A

meiosis ii, both separate sister chromatids

87
Q

DNA replication occurs in what part of the cell cycle and how many times in mitosis?

A

S phase of interphase - once

88
Q

DNA replication occurs in what part of the cell cycle and how many times in meiosis?

A

S phase of interphase - once

89
Q

number of cell divisions in mitosis?

A

1

90
Q

number of cell divisions in meiosis?

A

2

91
Q

does synapsis occur and if so when in mitosis?

A

no

92
Q

does synapsis occur and if so when in meiosis?

A

yes - prophase I

93
Q

what is number of daughter cells and are they different or identical in mitosis?

A

2 - identical

94
Q

what is number of daughter cells and are they different or identical in meiosis?

A

4 - different

95
Q

role of mitosis

A

growth and tissue repair

96
Q

role of meiosis

A

make gametes

97
Q

why are offspring of sexually reproducing organisms not genetically the same? (3)

A

Independent Assortment
Crossing Over
Random Fertilization

98
Q

what is Independent Assortment?

A

Law of Assortment - when homologues line up at the equator of the cell in metaphase I, it is random (“independent”) event for each homologous pair

99
Q

what is the number of possible combinations due to the Law of Assortment?

A

2^n, where n is the haploid number

100
Q

how many possible different gametes are there in humans?

A

2^23 ~ 8 million

101
Q

what is crossing over?

A

occurs during prophase i of meiosis when homologues come together in a process called synapses to form pairs called tetrads. then nonsister chromatids trade places - resulting regions are called chiasmata

102
Q

on average, how many crossing over events are there?

A

2-3 per homologous pair

103
Q

what is random fertilization?

A

there would be 64 trillion possible combinations of chromosomes solely looking at the 8 million possible different ovules and 8 million possible different sperms not counting crossing over

104
Q

what process creates the greatest number of new genetic combinations?

A

mutations

AP BIO (30 decks)

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