Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP BIO > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

what is a genome?

A

a cell’s total DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how many genes is a genome made up of?

A

~20,000 genes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is prokaryote DNA found?

A

in a single circle called the nucleoid
small circles called plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

eukaryote DNA

A

several DNA double helices packaged into chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what form is a cell’s DNA during interphase?

A

is in loose form called chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what happens to DNA during prophase?

A

condenses from chromatin to tightly coiled structure called chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is another term for body cell?

A

somatic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how many chromosomes do you have in a liver cell? skin cell? eye cell?

A

all cells in the body contain 46 chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cell division enable the genome of one somatic cell to be passed onto what?

A

two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens during Mitosis (M phase) ?

A

divides the nucleus and sister chromatids and is immediately followed by cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

divides entire cell/cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does mitosis consist of?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does mitosis and cytokinesis enable organisms to do? (2)

A

grow and develop
allows for tissue renewal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what happens when a unicellular organism undergoes mitosis/cytokinesis?

A

an entire new organism is created

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens to the number of chromosomes during cell cycle?

A

chromosomes in somatic cells first make copies of themselves, so 46 becomes 92 during S phase. then it goes back to 46 per cell when the cell divided into 2 new daughter cells in the M phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what happens during S phase?

A

DNA replication - helicase, polymerase, ligase etc all work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does the cell cycle describe?

A

the sequence of events that occur during each phase of a cell’s life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in what phase do cells spend most of their lives in?

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is interphase made up of?

A

G1 (1st gap)
S (Synthesis of DNA)
G2 (2nd gap)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens to cells during G1 phase? (2)

A

grows
make proteins and organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what happens to cells during S phase? (3)

A

grow
make proteins and organelles
copy their DNA (2 sister chromatids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what happens to cells during G2 phase? (3)

A

grow
make proteins and organelles
make sure the cell is ready to enter into the M phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens to a cell after the M phase?

A

cell cycle either repeat or cell can become dormant (G0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

characteristics of Early Prophase? (3)

A

chromatin condenses into 2 identical sister chromatids
nucleolus disappears
spindle apparatus starts to form that extend from the asters and centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is the spindle apparatus made of?

A

microtubules - tubulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what do the asters and centrioles together make up?

A

centrosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

characteristics of Late Prophase/Prometaphase (3)

A

nuclear envelope breaks down
microtubules attach to kinetochores
Nonkinetochore microtubules form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what are kinetochores?

A

protein structure on the outside of each sister chromatids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

metaphase characteristics (3)

A

spindle apparatus is complete
sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate
nonkinetochore microtubules overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the metaphase plate?

A

equator of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

anaphase characteristics (2)

A

sister chromatids split and are now considered as chromosomes
chromosomes move toward opposite poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

telophase characteristics (4)

A

cell elongates and begins to pinch inwards (cytokinesis)
nuclear envelope reforms
nucleolus reappears
chromosome start to loosen back into chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what does the spindle apparatus include? (4)

A

centrosomes
non-kinetochore microtubules
kinetochore microtubules
centrioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what are centrosomes made up of?

A

centriole pair at a right angle and aster

36
Q

what are asters?

A

microtubules in a star shape

37
Q

how can aster microtubules elongate?

A

adding more protein tubulin

38
Q

what do non kinetochore microtubules do? (2)

A

never attach to kinetochore of sister chromatids
enable entire cell to lengthen

39
Q

what do kinetochore microtubules do? (2)

A

attach to the kinetochore of sister chromatids during late prophase/prometaphase
pull sisters apart and shorten as they get near the pole

40
Q

where are centrioles found?

A

animal cells only

41
Q

when are centrioles replicated?

A

interphase

42
Q

as chromosomes move toward their respective poled, what happens to the microtubules?

A

they shorten on the side attached to the chromosomes - piece of the microtubule break off into small tubulin subunits

43
Q

cytokinesis in plants

A

plant cells build a cell plate formed from vesicles

44
Q

cytokinesis in animals

A

occurs by forming a cleavage furrow

45
Q

what is a cleavage furrow?

A

a groove in the cell near the old metaphase plate created by microfilaments

46
Q

unicellular organism cell division differences

A

nuclear membrane does not break down even though spindle apparatus forms

47
Q

what does the difference in cell division between unicellular and multicellular organisms serves as?

A

a possible indication that this is an intermediate stage to the evolution to mitosis

48
Q

who do mitosis?

A

eukaryotes

49
Q

what do bacteria/prokaryotes do for cell division?

A

binary fission

50
Q

what happens during binary fission?

A

bacteria copy their DNA and attach it to the cell membrane, the cell lengthen, and then the cell divides into two

51
Q

what are needed to regulate the cell cycle?

A

chemical checkpoints

52
Q

what do chemical checkpoints act as?

A

gate keepers that tell the cell to go or stop dividing

53
Q

which cells divide frequently?

A

skin and sperm cells

54
Q

which do not divide in an adult?

A

liver and muscle (unless injured)
most neurons (some can regenerate)

55
Q

how many major checkpoints are in the cell cyle?

A

3 - can be found in G1, G2, and M phases

56
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

most important in terms of energy consumption - determines if a cell will get the “go signal” or be switched to an inactive/G0 state

57
Q

what is Cdk?

A

cyclin dependent kinases

58
Q

what are cdks?

A

enzymes that carry phosphates from ATP

59
Q

does Cdk get used up?

A

no - it’s an enzyme so it gets reused

60
Q

how does Cdk work?

A

it has an active site where a specific molecule can bind
needs to bind to a protein called cyclin to be “active”

61
Q

derivation of the name cyclin

A

it cycles/fluctuates its concentrations/gets brown down after G2

62
Q

what happens to cdk at G1

A

Cdk + ATP –> Cdk (w/ 2 organic phosphates) + AMP

63
Q

cdk at G2

A

cyclin attached to cdk with 2 organic phosphates

64
Q

when cdk comes together with cyclin, what is thus complex called?

A

MPF- M phase Promoting Factor

65
Q

what does MPF activate?

A

the passage from the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

66
Q

what happens to MPF in mitosis?

A

the 2 phosphates break off and are used to phosphorylate other reactions in mitosis like breaking up nuclear envelope
cyclin breaks down and Cdk can be used again

67
Q

what is the M checkpoint important for?

A

to make sure that daughter cells each end up with 1 copy of each chromosome

68
Q

where in mitosis does the M-phase checkpoint occur?

A

end of metaphase/before anaphase

69
Q

what are internal factors that influence cell division?

A

checkpoints in the somatic cell cycle

70
Q

example of external factor that influence cell division

A

growth factor - protein that some cells secrete externally to trigger neighboring cells to divide

71
Q

PDGF

A

Platelet derived growth factor - released from platelets and it causes connective tissue to divide and allow wounds to heal

72
Q

under what cases do cells exhibit density-dependent inhibition?

73
Q

what is density dependent inhibition in cells?

A

when cells get crowded, they stop dividing

74
Q

what other characteristic do normal cells have?

A

anchorage - in order to divide, the cell must be attached to something`

75
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division (no density dependent inhibition) and has no anchorage

76
Q

what do cancer cells do to other cells?

A

divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues

77
Q

at what points do cancerous cells stop dividing (if they even do)?

A

often at abnormal points in the cell cycle- not G0

78
Q

in a lab situation, what can cancer cells become?

79
Q

what are HeLa cells?

A

one cancerous cell line that has been dividing in a lab since 1951
named after Henriette Lacks who died of cervical cancer as a result of HPV

80
Q

normal cell lifespan

A

normal cells divide between 20-50 times before they stop dividing, age, and die (apoptosis)

81
Q

tumor

A

mass of abnormal cells

82
Q

benign tumor (2)

A

slow dividing and localized at original site

83
Q

malignant tumor (2)

A

rapidly dividing and impairs the function of one or more organs near by

84
Q

metastasis

A

cancer spreads beyond original site by blood or lymph vessels (lymphatic system- immune)

85
Q

available treatments for cancer (4)

A
  1. cut - biopsy + surgery
  2. burn - radiotherapy
  3. poison - chemotherapy
  4. immunotherapy - mixture of three, try to train immune system to kill cancer rather than destroying cancer cells directly

AP BIO (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions