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AP BIO > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is a genome?

A

a cell’s total DNA

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2
Q

how many genes is a genome made up of?

A

~20,000 genes

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3
Q

where is prokaryote DNA found?

A

in a single circle called the nucleoid
small circles called plasmids

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4
Q

eukaryote DNA

A

several DNA double helices packaged into chromosomes

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5
Q

what form is a cell’s DNA during interphase?

A

is in loose form called chromatin

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6
Q

what happens to DNA during prophase?

A

condenses from chromatin to tightly coiled structure called chromosomes

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7
Q

what is another term for body cell?

A

somatic cell

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8
Q

how many chromosomes do human somatic cells have?

A

46 chromosomes

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9
Q

how many chromosomes do you have in a liver cell? skin cell? eye cell?

A

all cells in the body contain 46 chromosomes

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10
Q

cell division enable the genome of one somatic cell to be passed onto what?

A

two daughter cells

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11
Q

what happens during Mitosis (M phase) ?

A

divides the nucleus and sister chromatids and is immediately followed by cytokinesis

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12
Q

what happens during cytokinesis?

A

divides entire cell/cytoplasm

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13
Q

what does mitosis consist of?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

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14
Q

what does mitosis and cytokinesis enable organisms to do? (2)

A

grow and develop
allows for tissue renewal

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15
Q

what happens when a unicellular organism undergoes mitosis/cytokinesis?

A

an entire new organism is created

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16
Q

what happens to the number of chromosomes during cell cycle?

A

chromosomes in somatic cells first make copies of themselves, so 46 becomes 92 during S phase. then it goes back to 46 per cell when the cell divided into 2 new daughter cells in the M phase

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17
Q

what happens during S phase?

A

DNA replication - helicase, polymerase, ligase etc all work

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18
Q

what does the cell cycle describe?

A

the sequence of events that occur during each phase of a cell’s life

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19
Q

in what phase do cells spend most of their lives in?

A

interphase

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20
Q

what is interphase made up of?

A

G1 (1st gap)
S (Synthesis of DNA)
G2 (2nd gap)

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21
Q

what happens to cells during G1 phase? (2)

A

grows
make proteins and organelles

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22
Q

what happens to cells during S phase? (3)

A

grow
make proteins and organelles
copy their DNA (2 sister chromatids)

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23
Q

what happens to cells during G2 phase? (3)

A

grow
make proteins and organelles
make sure the cell is ready to enter into the M phase

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24
Q

what happens to a cell after the M phase?

A

cell cycle either repeat or cell can become dormant (G0)

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25
Q

characteristics of Early Prophase? (3)

A

chromatin condenses into 2 identical sister chromatids
nucleolus disappears
spindle apparatus starts to form that extend from the asters and centrioles

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26
Q

what is the spindle apparatus made of?

A

microtubules - tubulin

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27
Q

what do the asters and centrioles together make up?

A

centrosomes

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28
Q

characteristics of Late Prophase/Prometaphase (3)

A

nuclear envelope breaks down
microtubules attach to kinetochores
Nonkinetochore microtubules form

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29
Q

what are kinetochores?

A

protein structure on the outside of each sister chromatids

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30
Q

metaphase characteristics (3)

A

spindle apparatus is complete
sister chromatids line up at the metaphase plate
nonkinetochore microtubules overlap

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31
Q

what is the metaphase plate?

A

equator of the cell

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32
Q

anaphase characteristics (2)

A

sister chromatids split and are now considered as chromosomes
chromosomes move toward opposite poles

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33
Q

telophase characteristics (4)

A

cell elongates and begins to pinch inwards (cytokinesis)
nuclear envelope reforms
nucleolus reappears
chromosome start to loosen back into chromatin

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34
Q

what does the spindle apparatus include? (4)

A

centrosomes
non-kinetochore microtubules
kinetochore microtubules
centrioles

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35
Q

what are centrosomes made up of?

A

centriole pair at a right angle and aster

36
Q

what are asters?

A

microtubules in a star shape

37
Q

how can aster microtubules elongate?

A

adding more protein tubulin

38
Q

what do non kinetochore microtubules do? (2)

A

never attach to kinetochore of sister chromatids
enable entire cell to lengthen

39
Q

what do kinetochore microtubules do? (2)

A

attach to the kinetochore of sister chromatids during late prophase/prometaphase
pull sisters apart and shorten as they get near the pole

40
Q

where are centrioles found?

A

animal cells only

41
Q

when are centrioles replicated?

A

interphase

42
Q

as chromosomes move toward their respective poled, what happens to the microtubules?

A

they shorten on the side attached to the chromosomes - piece of the microtubule break off into small tubulin subunits

43
Q

cytokinesis in plants

A

plant cells build a cell plate formed from vesicles

44
Q

cytokinesis in animals

A

occurs by forming a cleavage furrow

45
Q

what is a cleavage furrow?

A

a groove in the cell near the old metaphase plate created by microfilaments

46
Q

unicellular organism cell division differences

A

nuclear membrane does not break down even though spindle apparatus forms

47
Q

what does the difference in cell division between unicellular and multicellular organisms serves as?

A

a possible indication that this is an intermediate stage to the evolution to mitosis

48
Q

who do mitosis?

A

eukaryotes

49
Q

what do bacteria/prokaryotes do for cell division?

A

binary fission

50
Q

what happens during binary fission?

A

bacteria copy their DNA and attach it to the cell membrane, the cell lengthen, and then the cell divides into two

51
Q

what are needed to regulate the cell cycle?

A

chemical checkpoints

52
Q

what do chemical checkpoints act as?

A

gate keepers that tell the cell to go or stop dividing

53
Q

which cells divide frequently?

A

skin and sperm cells

54
Q

which do not divide in an adult?

A

liver and muscle (unless injured)
most neurons (some can regenerate)

55
Q

how many major checkpoints are in the cell cyle?

A

3 - can be found in G1, G2, and M phases

56
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

most important in terms of energy consumption - determines if a cell will get the “go signal” or be switched to an inactive/G0 state

57
Q

what is Cdk?

A

cyclin dependent kinases

58
Q

what are cdks?

A

enzymes that carry phosphates from ATP

59
Q

does Cdk get used up?

A

no - it’s an enzyme so it gets reused

60
Q

how does Cdk work?

A

it has an active site where a specific molecule can bind
needs to bind to a protein called cyclin to be “active”

61
Q

derivation of the name cyclin

A

it cycles/fluctuates its concentrations/gets brown down after G2

62
Q

what happens to cdk at G1

A

Cdk + ATP –> Cdk (w/ 2 organic phosphates) + AMP

63
Q

cdk at G2

A

cyclin attached to cdk with 2 organic phosphates

64
Q

when cdk comes together with cyclin, what is thus complex called?

A

MPF- M phase Promoting Factor

65
Q

what does MPF activate?

A

the passage from the G2 checkpoint into the M phase

66
Q

what happens to MPF in mitosis?

A

the 2 phosphates break off and are used to phosphorylate other reactions in mitosis like breaking up nuclear envelope
cyclin breaks down and Cdk can be used again

67
Q

what is the M checkpoint important for?

A

to make sure that daughter cells each end up with 1 copy of each chromosome

68
Q

where in mitosis does the M-phase checkpoint occur?

A

end of metaphase/before anaphase

69
Q

what are internal factors that influence cell division?

A

checkpoints in the somatic cell cycle

70
Q

example of external factor that influence cell division

A

growth factor - protein that some cells secrete externally to trigger neighboring cells to divide

71
Q

PDGF

A

Platelet derived growth factor - released from platelets and it causes connective tissue to divide and allow wounds to heal

72
Q

under what cases do cells exhibit density-dependent inhibition?

A

normal

73
Q

what is density dependent inhibition in cells?

A

when cells get crowded, they stop dividing

74
Q

what other characteristic do normal cells have?

A

anchorage - in order to divide, the cell must be attached to something`

75
Q

what is cancer

A

uncontrolled cell division (no density dependent inhibition) and has no anchorage

76
Q

what do cancer cells do to other cells?

A

divide uncontrollably and invade other tissues

77
Q

at what points do cancerous cells stop dividing (if they even do)?

A

often at abnormal points in the cell cycle- not G0

78
Q

in a lab situation, what can cancer cells become?

A

immortal

79
Q

what are HeLa cells?

A

one cancerous cell line that has been dividing in a lab since 1951
named after Henriette Lacks who died of cervical cancer as a result of HPV

80
Q

normal cell lifespan

A

normal cells divide between 20-50 times before they stop dividing, age, and die (apoptosis)

81
Q

tumor

A

mass of abnormal cells

82
Q

benign tumor (2)

A

slow dividing and localized at original site

83
Q

malignant tumor (2)

A

rapidly dividing and impairs the function of one or more organs near by

84
Q

metastasis

A

cancer spreads beyond original site by blood or lymph vessels (lymphatic system- immune)

85
Q

available treatments for cancer (4)

A
  1. cut - biopsy + surgery
  2. burn - radiotherapy
  3. poison - chemotherapy
  4. immunotherapy - mixture of three, try to train immune system to kill cancer rather than destroying cancer cells directly

AP BIO (30 decks)

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