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AP BIO > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

what is respiration?

A

the aerobic breakdown of food molecules to yield cellular energy, ATP

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2
Q

breathing

A

obtaning O2 from the environment and releasing O2

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3
Q

how do distinguish breathing and respiration?

A

cellular respiration is the term for respiration

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4
Q

main function of cellular respiration?

A

releasing energy from the bonds of the biomolecules

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5
Q

representative food molecule for cellular respiration

A

glucose

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6
Q

is free glucose molecules in our diet?

A

no- starch is

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7
Q

cellular respiration occurs from the aerobic breakdown from what carbs and biomolecules?

A

starch and sucrose; proteins and lipids

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8
Q

how much energy can the cell capture when it breaks down down glucose?

A

about 40% of glucose’s energy and convert into ATP molecules

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9
Q

what happens to the lost energy?

A

lost to environment as heat

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10
Q

how much of glucose’s energy is captured through anerobic environment?

A

~20%

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11
Q

where is the energy available to a cell contained?

A

in the chemical bonds that hold a molecule

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12
Q

is the energy in a bond the same all throughout?

A

no, some molecules store more chemical energy than others

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13
Q

what biomolecule stores more energy and why?

A

lipids - more bonds, and hydrocarbons

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14
Q

how does cellular respiration break down glucose?

A

in a series of steps and taps into the energy carried by electrons

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15
Q

what does cellular respiration do with electrons?

A

shuttles these electrons through a series of energy-releasing reactions each catalyzed by a specific enzymes

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16
Q

what is the amount of energy released from energy-releasing reactions carried out by electrons?

A

released in small amounts, not an explosive released of energy when you eat fod

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17
Q

what happens to the small amount of energy released?

A

some of this released chemical energy as cellular energy/ATP

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18
Q

movement of electrons from one molecule to another

A

oxidation-reduction
redox reaction

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19
Q

loss of electron

A

oxidation

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20
Q

gaining of electron

A

reduction

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21
Q

what does an electron transfer require? how does this relate to redox reactions?

A

require both a donner and an acceptor, so redox reactions always occur together

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22
Q

what do hydrogen movements represent?

A

electron transfers because each hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton

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23
Q

what is the ultimate electron acceptor?

A

O2 has a strong tendency to pull electrons away from the other atoms

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24
Q

important coenzyme used in to shuttle electrons in cellular respiration

A

NAD+

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25
Q

NAD+

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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26
Q

is NAD+ oxidized or reduced?

A

reduced: NAD+ -> NADH

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27
Q

what role does dehydrogenase play?

A

enzyme that removes hydrogens from food

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28
Q

ATP stores the potential to react with what?

A

H2o

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29
Q

when either of the last 2 phosphate bonds are broken, what type of energy is released?

A

exergonic energy

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30
Q

what is the exergonic energy used for?

A

be used by the cell for cellular work like metabolism, anabolic and catabolic reactions, movement, growth

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31
Q

spent ATP molecules are?

A

continuously recycled/phosphates are reattached by eating food

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32
Q

reaction for ATP

A

ATO+ H2O –> ADP + Pi +free energy (reversible)

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33
Q

layers of mitochondria

A

outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane
cristae, matrix, ribosome, mitochondrial DNA

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34
Q

what make up the phospholipid bilayer in mitochondria?

A

outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane

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35
Q

what is cellular respiration also referred to as?

A

aerobic respiration

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36
Q

how many stages does cellular respiration have

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. formation of acetyl coA
  3. krebs/citric acid cycle
  4. ETC (electron transport chain) called chemosis/chemosis synthesis
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37
Q

what are main things to track in cellular respiration?

A

changes in hydrogen atoms moving through the series of reactions

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38
Q

electron carrier molecules created in cellular respiration

A

NADH FADH2

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39
Q

what is glycolysis

A

lysis of glucose

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40
Q

what is glucose?

A

6 carbon sugar

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41
Q

what does glucose get broken down into?

A

2 three carbon molecules called pyruvate/pyruvic acid

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42
Q

how many steps of glycolysis have?

A

10 steps to break down glucose to pyruvate and each step is catalyzed by a different enzyme

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43
Q

how many ATPs are needed in glycolysis?

A

2

44
Q

how many ATPs are made in glycolysis?

A

4

45
Q

net gain of ATP in glycolysis

A

2

46
Q

second product of glycolysis

A

2 NADH molecules which resulted from the transfer of hydrogen to the electron carrier 2 NAD+

47
Q

how is the ATP made during glycolysis?

A

through substrate level phosphorylation

48
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

when a substrate with a phosphate group and ADP fit into the same active site of an enzyme
then phosphate is removed an added onto ADP creating ATP

49
Q

summary reaction of glycolysis

A

C6H12O6 + 2ATP + 2NAD+ –> 2 pyruvate + 4ATP+ 2NADH (net 2 ATP)

50
Q

where does glycolysis take place?

A

cytosol

51
Q

what type of process is glycolysis?

A

anaerobic - which means that it evolved early

52
Q

what two options does a cell have after glycolysis?

A

continue to proceed anaerobically- fermentation
or switch to aerobic cellular respiration

53
Q

what does the decision to move forward from glycolysis depend on?

A

cell’s environment depending on whether O2 is available or not

54
Q

what happens when oxygen is present after glycolysis?

A

the 2 pyruvate moves to the mitochondrial matrix and combines with 2 coenzyme A to form 2 acetyl coA

55
Q

what is acetyl coA

A

2 carbon molecule

56
Q

how did we go from 3 carbon pyruvate to 2 carbon acetyal coA?

A

lost 1 carbons in the form of CO2

57
Q

what is the second product of formation of acteyl coA?

A

2 NADH

58
Q

how much ATP is used?

A

2, but we dont take this into account as it means we dont have ATP to move forward after subtracting 2 from our net gain of 2 from the previous step

59
Q

summary equation of the formation of acetyl coA?

A

2 pyruvate + 2 conenzyme A + 2NADH+ –> 2 acetyl coA + 2CO2 + 2NADH

60
Q

what is the krebs cycle also called?

A

citric acid cycle

61
Q

what happens to the carbons during the krebs cycle?

A

each of the 2 acetyl coA enter this one at a time and all the carbons from acetyl coA will be converted to CO2

62
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

mitochondrial matrix

63
Q

what type of process is the krebs cycle?

A

aerobic

64
Q

how many steps are there in the krebs cycle?

A

8 steps that are catalyzed by a different enzyme in which ATP is made by substrate level phosphorylation

65
Q

what does acetyl coA combine with?

A

oxaloacetate - 4 carbon molecule - to form 6 carbon molecule citric acid

66
Q

since the cycle starts with 4 carbon oxaloacetate, what should it end with?

A

same molecule to maintain cycle

67
Q

how many CO2 are made in the kreb cycle?

A

2 per cycle, so 4 total

68
Q

with ONE turn of the krebs cycle, how many ATP made? NADH? FADH2? CO2?

A

1
3
1
2

69
Q

how many usable ATPs are there in total after the Krebs cycle?

A

4

70
Q

how many NADH do we have after krebs?

A

2 from glycolysis
2 from formation of acetyl coA
6 from 2 spins of krebs
10 TOTAL

71
Q

how many FADH2 do we have after krebs?

A

2 from 2 spins of krebs
2 TOTAL

72
Q

how many electron carrier molecules are there in total after krebs?

A

12

73
Q

where do the electron carrier molecules store their energy?

A

in their H atoms

74
Q

what do electron carrier molecules do?

A

shuttle the hydrogens to the phospholipid bilayer of the inner mitochondrial membrane, including the cristae where they enter the ETC

75
Q

what happens to NADH and FADH2 when they enter ETC?

A

they will be split into proton and electron

76
Q

how are high energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 passed down?

A

along a series of protein carrier molecules, some being cytochromes - FE containing protein carriers

77
Q

each carrier molecule hands down electrons until?

A

they reach final electron acceptor - 1/2 O2

78
Q

what does the oxygen atom do once it receives electrons?

A

combines with 2 H+ to form H2O which most is used as a waste product

79
Q

is it oxidation or reduction when O2 accepts electrons?

A

reduction

80
Q

at the same time electrons are being passed along the ETC, what is happening to the protons?

A

moved through the proton pump into the intermembrane space of mitochondrion creating a gradient with a lot of stored potential energy to do work. also creates an acidic pH in the intermembrane space

81
Q

what happens to the H+ ions built up in the intermembrane space?

A

diffused back by facilitated diffusion into the matrix through ATP synthase, enzyme/protein channel

82
Q

chemiosmosis

A

diffusion of ions where the ATP synthase spins like a pinwheel and enables ADP with 2 neg charge phosphates to bond with another phosphate group

83
Q

how many ATP does each NADH make?

A

3

84
Q

how many ATP does FADH2 make?

A

2

85
Q

total amount of ATP made by NADH? FADH2? total?

A

30
4
34

86
Q

where does glycolysis take place? net ATP made? NADH made? FADH2 made?

A

cytosol
2
2
-

87
Q

where does formation of acetyl coA take place? net ATP made? NADH made? FADH2 made?

A

2
-

88
Q

where does krebs cycle take place? net ATP made? NADH made? FADH2 made?

A

matrix
2
6
2

89
Q

where does oxidative phosphorylation take place? net ATP made? NADH made? FADH2 made?

A

inner membrane cristae
34
0
-

90
Q

how do anerobic organisms derive energy?

A

glycolysis is an anaerobic process, so they can make net 2 ATP and reduce 2NAD+ to 2NADH and form 2 pyruvate molecules which are then converted to either lactic acid/lactate or ethanol/ethyl alcohol and CO2

91
Q

kingdoms that can perform alcoholic fermentation

A

bacteria, fungi, and plants

92
Q

what happens to pyruvate in alcoholic fermentation?

A

pyruvate gets converted into 2 carbon molecule called acetaldehyde and each release a CO2

93
Q

what is the CO2 released in beer and champgane?

A

bubbles

94
Q

what happens to acetaldehyde?

A

converted to ethanol (drinking alcohol)

95
Q

what drives the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol?

A

NADH made during glycolysis are oxidized into NAD+

96
Q

what is the main objective of regenerating NAD+?

A

glycolysis can keep proceeding when more glucose is added to the system so that 2 ATP can be created in anerobic conditions

97
Q

waste products of cellular respiration

A

H20 and CO2

98
Q

waste product of fermentation?

A

ethaol

99
Q

diff between ethanol and H20 and CO2?

A

ethanol is energy rich

100
Q

what is the downside of ethanol?

A

toxic to organisms that produce it

101
Q

what happens in lactic acid fermentation?

A

2 three carbon pyruvate are converted into 2 three carbon lactate

102
Q

how does lactic acid fermentation make ATP? how many?

A

oxidize NADH into NAD+
2 ATP

103
Q

what is lactic acid fermentation used for?

A

make cheese and yogurt

104
Q

what does lactic acid in muscles create?

A

cramps

105
Q

what breaks down lactic acid?

A

liver

106
Q

how to stop muscle cramps?

A

increase O2 intake so lactic acid can be converted back into 2 pyruvates and reenter aerobic cellular respiration

AP BIO (30 decks)

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