Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AP BIO > Community Ecology > Flashcards

Community Ecology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is community ecology?

A

study of interspecific interactions

“inter”= between

organisms interacting with individuals of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is symbiosis?

A

means that species interact/have direct contact with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

how is symbiosis now defined?

A

+/-/0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the types of symbiosis? (6, but listed 7)

A

competition, predation, herbivory, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism

facilitation is not symbiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is competition symbiosis?

A

different species compete for a resource that limits their growth and survival
-/-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is predation symbiosis?

A

one species kills and eats another species (predator eats prey)
+/-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is herbivory symbiosis?

A

an organism eats parts of a plant or algae
+/-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is parasitism symbiosis?

A

one organism (the parasite) derives nutrients from another organism (the host) which is harmed in the process
+/-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is mutualism symbiosis?

A

both species benefit from the interaction
+/+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is commensalism symbiosis?

A

one species benefits, while the other species is neither helped nor harmed from the interaction
+/0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is facilitation?

A

one species has a positive effect on the survival and reproduction of another species without living in direct contact
+/0 or +/+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an ecological niche?

A

is how an organism makes a living

its role in the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens when two species compete from limited resources in the same ecological niche?

A

one will be more efficient at gaining access to resources and drive the other out or to extinction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is it called when a two species are put together and one out competes the other?

A

competitive exclusion principle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

how can two species with similar niches coexist?

A

if resource partitioning occurs - division of environmental resources to reduce competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how do anolis lizards live in close proximity in the Dominican Republic?

A

live on different perches/niches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how do differences come about between the species?

A

evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what class do lizards belong to?

A

reptiles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

how do you know if an organism is an amphibian?

A

metamorphosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a fundamental niche?

A

the niche an organism potentially uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a realized niche?

A

the niche an organism actually uses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what organisms are pictured in this experiment?

A

two species of barnacles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

when together, chthmalaus is usually found on higher rocks, and balamus on lower. what type of niche is this?

A

realized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happened when balanus was removed?

A

chthamalus grew on both lower and higher rocks

fundamental niche

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is sympatric?

A

different populations located in the same geographic area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is allopatric?

A

populations located in different geographic areas that do not that interact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what happened when finches live in different islands?

A

similar beaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what happens when finches live on the same island?

A

they diverged their beak depths to feed on different sized seeds and reduce competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is character displacement?

A

the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than in allopatric populations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is cryptic coloration? ex

A

camouflage
enables an organism to blend into its surroundings
leaf insect, leafy sea dragon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is aposematic coloration? ex

A

organisms with chemical defenses have bright warning coloration to warn predators they have toxins
poison dart frogs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how do poison dart frogs get their toxicity?

A

die of insects- ants, mites, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what do the larvae of monarch butterflies eat and store in their tissues that is toxic?

A

milkweeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what are mechanical defenses? ex

A

defenses such as spikes or thorns
porcupines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

can porcupines throw their quills?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does grass contain in its cells that could deter a small insect from eating it?

A

SiO2- silica/silicon dioxide
crystals also found in sand and used to make glass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are distasteful/harmful chemicals? ex

A

any sort of smell that deters predators
marigolds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

why are marigolds often planted around gardens?

A

they contain a pungent odor that deters many insects, Deers, and rabbits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what milky substance do opium oppy seeds produce?

A

opiates- morphine
codeine - pain relief
narcotic- heroin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is deceptive coloration? ex

A

moths have false eyes spots to make it look like a large predator (owls)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what is disruptive coloration? ex

A

type of camouflage such as stripes or spots that create an optical illusion to break up body outlines
zebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

are zebras black with white stripes or white with black stripes?

A

black with white stripes - embryological development shows that they are black in womb and white stripes come later in development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is counter shading?

A

a type of camouflage with a dark dorsal side and lighter ventral side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

why do animals have countershadowing?

A

underwater animals: viewed from above, black blends with darkness of water; viewed from below, white blends with surface sunlight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is mimicry?

A

it is the similarity of one species to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

3 examples of mimicry

A

Batesian, Mullerian, Aggressive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is batesian mimicry?

A

when a harmless or palatable species mimics a harmful or unpalatable species

ex. caterpillar of elephant hawkmoth mimics small poisonous snake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what is mullerian mimicry?

A

when two or more unpalatable/harmful species resemble each other so that predators quickly learn to avoid the group entirely

ex. bees, wasps, yellow jackets, hornets
ex. viceroy and monarch butterflies (viceroys taste worse)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what can bright colored warning patterns also be considered as?

A

aposematic coloration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what do adult monarchs eat?

A

nectar and water to drink

*only larvae eat milkweed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is aggressive mimicry?

A

when a predator uses mimicry to catch prey

ex. anglerfish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what natural lure does a female anglerfish use to draw its prey closer?

A

light dangling above its mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

how many males will a female anglerfish carry on her body?

A

6+

54
Q

two types of parasitism

A

endoparasites - live within the body of their host (tapeworm)

ectoparasites- feed on the external surface of hosts (ticks)

55
Q

how can a person get tapeworm?

A

eating undercooked meat

56
Q

how long does it take after being bitten by a tick does it take for the bacteria to enter the host?

A

48 hrs

57
Q

2 types of mutualism

A

obligate mutualism- one species cannot survive without its partner (bees and bee pollinated flowers)

facultative mutualism - where both species could survive alone (ants and acacia tree)

58
Q

what lives inside intestines of termites that digests wood cellulose?

A

protists that contain bacteria that makes enzyme cellulase

59
Q

what type of mutualism is termites and protists?

A

obligate

60
Q

how do bees see the world?

A

yellow, blue, uv

61
Q

what is coevolution?

A

bee gets nectar and pollen (protein) to feed young while inadvertently pollinating flower

62
Q

what is species diversity? what is it made up of?

A

the variety of different kinds of organisms that make up a community

species richness and relative abundance

63
Q

what is species richness?

A

the number of different species in a community

64
Q

what is relative abundance?

A

how many of the different species

65
Q

how does a community’s species diversity affect invasive speces?

A

the more diverse the community is, the less prone invasive species are to invading it

66
Q

6 ways to name invasive species

A

invasive
non-indigenous
non-native
invader
exotic
introduced

67
Q

what are some invasive species in michigan?

A

zebra mussels, quagga mussels, round goby, Asian carp, purple loose strife, phragmites, sea lampreys etc

68
Q

what invasive songbird from the project conducted by American Acclimatization Society caused greatest impact on native bird species due to their aggressiveness?

A

European starlings

69
Q

what climbing vine originally imported from Japan to control erosion is an invasive species across the SE US?

A

Kudzu

70
Q

what invasive species was brought to Hawaii to control rats in the sugar cane and now is eating ground-nesting Hawaiian birds and their eggs?

A

mongoose

71
Q

why do invasive species proliferate in new environments?

A

since they did not evolve in the new environment, there are often no predators or local diseases (viral or bacterial) that affect them and they often outcompete natuve species for resources

72
Q

what is the trophic structure?

A

the feeding relationships between organisms

73
Q

how does a food chain differ from a food web?

A

food chains are simpler; food webs show all possible feeing relationshios/are more complex

74
Q

which was are the arrows pointing?

A

toward who is doing the eating

75
Q

what are 1degree producers?

A

autotrophs “ self-feeders”

76
Q

what are krills in the food web?

A

primary and secondary consumers

77
Q

what is missing from these two images?

A

arrows pointing towards decomposers (fungi, bacteria)

78
Q

are photosynthetic autotrophs always primary producers?

A

no, deep sea communities exist around hydrothermal vents in the oceans where light does not penetrate. therefore, the primary producers are chemosynthetic organisms that live off on inorganic chemicals such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

79
Q

name some organisms living amongst the geothermically heated waters around black smoker vents?

A

giant tubeworms
ghost crabs
fish
bacteria
eel

80
Q

how many levels do most food webs consist of?

A

5 or fewer

81
Q

why do food webs consist of few levels? (3)

A

energetic hypothesis
dynamic stability hypothesis
large carnivores tend to be larger at successive trophic levels and most cannot live on small food items because it will not meet the metabolic needs

82
Q

energetic hypothesis

A

inefficiency of energy transferred between levels

83
Q

dynamic stability hypothesis

A

long food chains are less stable than short chains as an environmental shock can cause food supplies to reduce all the way up the food chain. the longer the food chain, the more apex predators will be affected

84
Q

what percent of energy is transferred to primary producers to consumers? what percent if energy is lost between trophic levels?

A

10%
90%

85
Q

in what form is energy lost as?

A

heat- lots are used for cellular processes (growth, division, movement, energy locked in the bonds of waste- egestion_

86
Q

what is the rule that explains the concept of transferring energy between trophic levels?

A

the 10% rule

87
Q

what animal is the largest to ever live and an exception to a large animal who does eat much smaller prey?

A

blue whales eat krill and plankton

88
Q

what are dominant species?

A

the most abundant species in a community

89
Q

why are elm trees not a dominant species anymore?

A

Dutch Elm Disease in fungi on beetles killed them

90
Q

what are keystone species?

A

not dominant in a community, but exert a strong impact on community structure

91
Q

example of keystone species?

A

nile perch was introduced to decrease cichilid population

92
Q

two ways to say native?

A

endemic
indigenous

93
Q

when sea otters are abundant, what happens to kelp and urchins?

A

urchins decrease
kelp increase

94
Q

when seat otters decrease, what happens to kelp and urchins? keytsone species?

A

kelp decrease
urchins increase
otter keystone species

95
Q

what are ecosystem engineers?

A

species that alter their environment

96
Q

why do beavers create dams?

A

to create still deep waters to protect their family from predators
wood and bark is their food

97
Q

how does a disturbance change a community?

A

by removing organisms or altering resources available
keep a community from reaching equilibrium

98
Q

moderate levels of disturbance foster greater species diversity than high or low levels of disturbance because some niches become available for new species to enter while keeping some og species intact.

A

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

99
Q

would you expect to have greater species diversity near a path in a forest or deeper in the forest?

A

near a path

100
Q

what type of disturbance is fire considered?

A

high level disturbance

101
Q

what biome is yellowstone?

A

confierous/boreal/taiga

102
Q

what is ecological succession?

A

transition in the species composition following a disturbance

103
Q

what type of successions are there?

A

primary and secondary

104
Q

what is primary succession?

A

no fertile soil present initially

105
Q

what situations lead to primary succession? (4)

A

new volcanic island forms

rubble left behind from a retreating glacier

on a sand dune

rocky bottom lack undergoes weathering

106
Q

what are pioneer species in primary succession?

A

lichens, mosses, bacteria

107
Q

when the pioneer community dies and decays they facilitate the appearance of later successional species by creating fertile soil for later successions. what is this soil called?

A

humus

108
Q

what are oak trees in communties?

A

climax community

109
Q

how long can it take primary succession to occur?

A

100s to 1000s of years

110
Q

what two things make up a lichen?

A

fungus + photosynthetic partner (cyanobacteria or algae)

111
Q

what type of symbiotic relationship do most lichen have?

A

mutualism

fungus provides water, nutrients, and a place to live; the photosynthetic partner provides sugar/food

112
Q

if you see lichens growing on trees or rocks, what is this an indicator of?

A

good air quality

113
Q

2º succesion

A

existing community is cleared by some disturbance that leaves soil intact

114
Q

what situations lead to secondary successions?

A

after a forest fire, abandoned farmland, deforestation, sediment/soil bottom lake dries up

115
Q

what are the pioneer species in 2º succesion?

A

first annual then perennial plants, grasses, weeds

116
Q

which is faster paced? 1º or 2º

A

2º since soil is already there which also contains seeds

117
Q

latitudinal gradients

A

lower latitudes have more species than higher latitudes

118
Q

how many ant species in alaska? in brazil

A

7; 200+

119
Q

why do leafcutter ants collect trees?

A

to farm a fungus that grows on the leaves that they eat - mutualistic relationship

120
Q

species area curve

A

the larger a geographic area of a community the more species it has

121
Q

what are island equilibrium models? who made them?

A

models for island species biodiversity
EO Wilson

122
Q

what is the equilibrium number in island equilibrium models?

A

the balance between the new species immigrating and those on the island going extinct

123
Q

which type of island will have the greatest species diversity? why? (5)

A

larger islands that are closer to the mainland;

large islands are easier for colonizers to land on
more resources
a larger gene pool
variety amongst organisms to more resistant to diseases
easier to access

124
Q

corals have what living within them?

A

photosynthetic golden-brown algae - zooxanthellae

125
Q

under stress, corals expel their algae and this causes them to turn white, what is this called?

A

coral bleaching

126
Q

what are some causes of stress to coral reefs? (7)

A

high water temperature
low water temperature
high pathogen infections
low pH
high UV radiation
low food availability
low salinity

127
Q

what human fishing practices is also killing the reefs?

A

ocean trawling - boats dragging weighted nets on the seafloor to capture seafood

128
Q

zoonotic pathogens

A

pathogens transferred from animals to humans- can be through direct contact with an infected animal or through intermediate species called a vector

129
Q

what zoonotic disease transmits the pathogen Plasmodium and uses mosquitos as its vector?

A

Malaria - believed to have originated in gorillas

130
Q

which sex on mosquitos is seeking mammalilan blood>

A

females- need proteins and Fe to produce eggs

131
Q

mosquitos find mammals?

A

organic substances - co2 and another chemical in human breath and sweat with a “meaty” odor called octenol

AP BIO (30 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions