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AP BIO > Chromosome > Flashcards

Chromosome Flashcards

1
Q

what did mendel call the things that were passed down between generations?

A

factors

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2
Q

what parallel did scientists find between mendel’s factors and what they knew?

A

parallel between genes and chromosomes
chromosomal theory of inheritance

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3
Q

who was the first to associate genes with chromosomes in fruit flies?

A

TH Morgan

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4
Q

scientific name of fruit flies

A

Drosophila melanogaster

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5
Q

how many offspring does a single mating of fruit flies have?

A

hundreds

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6
Q

a new generation of fruit flies can be bred?

A

every 2 weeks

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7
Q

how many chromosomes do fruit flies have?

A

3 pairs of autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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8
Q

what mutation did Morgan discover?

A

white eyes instead of red eyes

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9
Q

wild type

A

normal phenotype for a character/the most common in natural populations

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10
Q

mutant

A

alternate to wild type

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11
Q

genotype of homozygous red eyed fly in morgans way

A

w+w+

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12
Q

genotype of white eyed male mutant

A

x^wy

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13
Q

homozygous red female

A

x^w+x^w+

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14
Q

F1 phenotype when mating homozygous red female with white eyes male?

A

all had red eyes

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15
Q

what did Morgan observe when he bred the F1 flies?

A

3:1 phenotypic ratio with F2s

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16
Q

when did the white eye trait show up?

A

only in males
1/2 males had red, 1/2 males had white
all females had red

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17
Q

what did Morgan conclude when he noticed only the males had white eyes?

A

the gene affecting white eyes is located on the X chromosome

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18
Q

what are gene located on the sex chromosomes or x chromosomes called?

A

sex-linked genes
x-linked genes

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19
Q

what needs to be mated to get a white eyed female?

A

heterozygous red eyed female X^w+X^w
white eyes male X^wY

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20
Q

why are genes on the same chromosomes inherited together?

A

chromosome is passed along as a unit

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21
Q

linked genes

A

genes on the same chromosome

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22
Q

if linked genes are followed across generations, what law do they disobey?

A

Law of Independent Assortment

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23
Q

wild type for body color? mutant?

A

gray; black

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24
Q

wild type for wings? mutant?

A

long; vestigial

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25
Q

if the body color and wing genes were on different chromosomes, what would the phenotypic ratio be?

A

1:1:1:1

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26
Q

indication of linked genes

A

offspring look like parentals

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27
Q

what are recombinants?

A

phenotypes that occur due to crossing over in prophase I

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28
Q

how to find map units?

A

[(# of recombinant)/total] x 100%

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29
Q

what are map units

A

distance between genes on the same chromosome

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30
Q

who constructed the genetic map?

A

Sturtevant

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31
Q

what is a genetic map?

A

an ordered list of loci along a chromosome

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32
Q

how do you get a linkage map?

A

by associating frequencies of recombinants along the chromosome

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33
Q

diff between linkage map and genetic map?

A

linkage map is a genetic map with distances

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34
Q

what did recombinant frequencies correspond with?

A

distance between genes on a chromosome

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35
Q

what happens the probability of a crossover and recombinant frequency the further apart 2 genes are on a chromosome?

A

higher probability and higher frequency

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36
Q

one map unit=

A

1% chance of recombination

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37
Q

how far do genes have to be to not be considered as linked? why?

A

50 map units apart
their results are indistinguishable from genes located on different chromosomes

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38
Q

what two characteristics that mendel studies are on the same chromosomes? why didnt they show up in his work?

A

flower and seed color
they were >50 mu apart

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39
Q

who determines the gender of the offspring in humans? why?

A

males
females only carry X

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40
Q

X-Y system

A

humans
male - XY (
female - XX
50/50

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41
Q

X-O system

A

crickets, roaches
only one X, no Y
male - X
female - XX

42
Q

Z-W system

A

birds, some fish
opposite of humans, mom determines sex
male - ZZ
female - ZW

43
Q

the haplo-diploid system

A

social insects: bees and ants
only females are fertilized eggs
male - haploid (16)
female - diploid (32)

44
Q

how do x-linked work in heredity?

A

fathers pass x linked genes to all daughters and none to sons
mothers pass x linked genes to both sons and daughters

45
Q

what must a female be to express a recessive sex-linked allele?

A

homozygous recessive
X^aX^a

46
Q

since males only have one locus, what do we call them?

A

hemizygous

47
Q

why do more males have sex-linked recessive disorders?

A

any male receiving recessive allele from mother gets the trait

48
Q

what are parents from a female to get a sex-linked recessive disorder?

A

mom - carrier X^AX^a
dad - must have recessive disorder X^aY

49
Q

Red-green colorblindess

A

mild recessive sex-linked disorder

50
Q

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

A

X-linked recessive
1 in 3500
leads to weakening f muscles and loss of coordination because a key muscle protein (dystrophin) in missing

51
Q

Hemophilia

A

X-linked recessive trait
absence of a protein for clotting
hemophiliacs bleed excessively when injured even with minor cuts or bruises

52
Q

what happens to the 2 X chromosomes in females mammals during embryonic development?

A

one of them becomes almost completely inactive

53
Q

Barr body

A

inactive X condenses into a compact object

54
Q

where is the barr body located?

A

lies along the inside of the nuclear envelpoe

55
Q

are genes expressed in barr bodies?

A

most of then are not- some remain active

56
Q

where are Barr bodies reactivated?

A

ovaries

57
Q

how is it determined which X chromosome becomes inactivated?

A

completely random and differs from one cell to the next

58
Q

females consist of a mosaic of what two types of cell due to randomization of inactivation?

A

1) active X derived from the mother
2) active X derived from the father

59
Q

what happens to the resulting cells after a mitotic division of a cell with an inactive X?

A

they all have the same inactive X

60
Q

how do Barr bodies come about?

A

because methyl groups inactivate one of the X

61
Q

how does X-inactivation explain why calico cats are almost always female?

A

one X - black color
other X - orange color
codominance/sex - linked
female can inherit both alleles, while males only get one
so when barr bodies form randomly in different cells of a female cat heterozygous for coat color, the typical calico pattern forms

62
Q

where are chromosomes not separated as expected? what is this called?

A

anaphase I - homologous pairs
anaphase II - sister chromatids
nondisjunction

63
Q

abnormal chromosome number

A

aneuploidy

64
Q

three chromosomes in a cell

A

trisomy

65
Q

one chromosome in cell

A

monosomy

66
Q

what happens to the zygote in most cases of aneuploidy?

A

it dies

67
Q

can nondisjunction occur in mitosis? what happens?

A

yes- if it happens during the development of the embryo, it will affect a large number of ells

68
Q

what is it called when an organism inherits an entire set of chromosomes?

A

polyploidy

69
Q

one extra set of chromosomes

A

triploidy

70
Q

where is polyploidy common in?

A

plant kingdom

71
Q

5 types of changes in chromosomes structures

A

1) deletion
2) duplication
3) inversion
4) reciprocal translation
5) nonreciprocal translation

72
Q

nonreciprocal translation

A

a chromosome segment is given to a nonhomologous chromosome without receiving a segment in return

73
Q

Trisomy 21

A

Downs Syndrome

74
Q

how is trisomy 21 caused?

A

result of extra chromosome 21
each body cell has a total of 47 chromosomes

75
Q

symptoms of trisomy 21 (6)

A

characteristic facial features
short stature
heart defects
respiratory infections
mental retardation
some sterile

76
Q

what are people with trisomy 21 prone to?

A

leukemia and Alzheimer’s - both located on Chromosome 21

77
Q

what affects the frequency of down’s?

A

higher the age the mother- more perceptible especially 35+

78
Q

XXY

A

Klinefelter’s syndrome

79
Q

characteristic of XXY males

A

male sex organs but small testes and sterile
breast development
normal intelligence

80
Q

XYY

A

“Super Male” Jacobs Syndrome

81
Q

characteristics of XYY male

A

taller than average

82
Q

XXX

A

trisomy X

83
Q

characteristic of XXX female

A

healthy and cannot be distinguished from XX except via a karyotype

84
Q

XO

A

Monosomy X/ Turners syndrome

85
Q

characteristic of XO female

A

phenotypically female with underdeveloped sex organs, sterile, short, and of normal intelligence

86
Q

Cri du Chat cause and symptoms

A

deletion in chromosome 5
mental retardation, small head, unusual facial features, and a cry that ensembles a distressed cat

87
Q

Leukemia cause and symptoms

A

reciprocal translocation between chromosome 22 and 9
affects cells that give rise to WBC/ leukocytes

88
Q

what is imprinting in terms of genetics?

A

some inherited disorders depend upon whether they are inherited from mom or dad

89
Q

2 different disorders that come from imprinting

A

Prader Willi syndrome and Angelman syndrome
deletion in chromosome 15

90
Q

Prader Willi syndrome cause and symptoms

A

inherits abnormal chromosome from dad
insatiable appetite
obese
short
retardation

91
Q

Angelman syndrome

A

inherits abnormal chromosome from mom
“happy puppets”
uncontrollable laughter
jerky movements
can’t talk
seizures

92
Q

genomic Imprinting

A

parental origin of the chromosomes is printed on the chromosomes

these imprints are erased between offspring produces its own gametes

93
Q

Fragile X

A

tip of an X chromosome is hanging by a thin thread of DNA
mental retardation

94
Q

how does genomic imprinting explain fragile x syndrome?

A

abnormal X is inherited from mothers, so male offspring are most affected

95
Q

how is DNA transferred from mitochondria and plastids own DNA?

A

reproduce themselves and transmit their genes to daughter organelles

96
Q

what do male humans contribute to the zygote?

A

DNA

97
Q

what do female humans contribute to zygote?

A

DNA
cytoplasm and al the organelles including mitochondria

98
Q

what do disorders associated with mitochondrial DNA affect?

A

ATP

99
Q

what happens when there is a reduction in the amount of ATP?

A

energy deprivation especially to the nervous system and muscles

100
Q

how are yellow and white patched in plants determined?

A

DNA determined in chloroplasts, even though they have mitochondrial DNA

101
Q

where do the genes that determine whether a leaf is spotted or striped come from?

A

ovule - maternal
not pollen

AP BIO (30 decks)

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