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plant hormones Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

in what way does a plant grow?

A

toward light

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2
Q

phototropism

A

the growth of a shoot toward light

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3
Q

what side of the plant is longer?

A

darker side longer than lighter side

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4
Q

actively dividing tips of roots and shoots

A

apical meristem

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5
Q

what do the different growth rates allow for?

A

allow apical meristem to bend toward light

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6
Q

what happened to the grass seedling when the tip was removed?

A

the shoot grew straight and wouldnt bend toward the light

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7
Q

what happened to the grass seedling when the tip was covered with an opaque top?

A

grew straight

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8
Q

what happened to the grass seedling when the tip was covered with a transparent cap?

A

grew toward light

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9
Q

what happened to the grass seedling when the base was covered with opaque shield?

A

grew toward light

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10
Q

what happened to the grass seedling when the tip was separated by permeable gelatin block?

A

grew toward light

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11
Q

what happened to the grass seedling when the tip was separated by impermeable mica??

A

grew straight

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12
Q

what happened when the tip was cut and placed in a block of agar?

A

chemical messenger/hormone diffused form the tip into the agar

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13
Q

what was done with the agar?

A

used as a substitute into the different “tipless” plants and grown in the dark to test the chemical only and not the sunlight

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14
Q

what was the result of the agar test?

A

shoots grow toward the light because of a greater concentration of auxin

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15
Q

auxin

A

growth promoting chemical on the dark side of the shoot

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16
Q

gravitropism

A

if a seeding is placed on its side, shoot bends upward and the root curves downward

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17
Q

hypothesis for gravitropism

A

settling of statoliths- organelles containing heavy/dense starch – and an uneven distribution of it may turn signal the cell to redistribute auxins

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18
Q

thigmotropism

A

long lasting growth movement in response to touch - ivy and climbing plants

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19
Q

how does a plant’s hormones work?

A

made in one part of the organisms and influences cells at another part and can pass through all walls and alter plant physiology

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20
Q

5 main classes of hormones

A

Auxin
Cytokinin
Gibberellins (GA)
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Ethylene

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21
Q

what do auxins do?

A

ex.IAA (indoleacetic acid)
promotes growth by cell elongation primarily in the shoots of the plants- apical meristem

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22
Q

when does IAA promote growth?

A

at a certain concentration, and if it gets too high ethylene is made to inhibit it

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23
Q

how does auxin makes plant cells elongate?

A

by increasing the H+ inside primary cell walls, which then activate enzymes that break bonds of the cellulose in cell walls. Cell swells with water and elongates as the cell wall no longer resists the cell’s tendency to take up water osmotically. cell stays bigger synthesizing more cell wall material (cellulose) and cytosol

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24
Q

what do cytokinins do?

A

promote cell division

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25
Q

where are cytokinins found?

A

actively growing tissues, especially in the roots, which may be transported throughout the plant to other target tissues

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26
Q

what do cytokinins slow?

A

senescence - aging of flowers and fruits

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27
Q

how do cytokinins influence organogenesis?

A

cytokinins and auxins can influence whether a plant is tall or wide
auxin : if terminal bud is attached, auxin travels down the stem and allows the stem to elongate, inhibiting auxillary side branches
cytokinins: if terminal bud is removed, no auxin is there to elongate stem and inhibit side branches, so cytokinins transported from roots to activate the side auxillary buds and plant grew bushy

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28
Q

what are Gibberellins (GA)?

A

plant hormones made at the tip of roots and shoots

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29
Q

main effect of GA?

A

elongation in stems and leaves

30
Q

bolting

A

high concentration of GA causes rapid elongation of stems which enhances the effects of auxins

31
Q

combined with auxin, what do GA influence?

A

fruit development - spraying them with this makes them develop w/o fertilization such as seedless grapes

32
Q

what do GA cause in seed germination?

A

cause a seed to sprout when sprayed onto seeds

33
Q

what does abscisic acid do?

A

when it’s necessary for a plant to be dormant in winters or sever droughts, it becomes produced in the buds and signals the bud to form scaled that will protect them from harsh conditions

34
Q

what does ABA inhibit?

A

it is a growth inhibitor and causes seeds to remain dormant

35
Q

how to get rid of ABA?

A

when rain washed ABA out of the seeds

36
Q

what ratio determines if a seed sprouts or remains dormant?

A

ratio of ABA and GA

37
Q

how else does ABA act as?

A

stress hormone - helping them to cope with adverse conditions

38
Q

how does ABA work if a plant is dehydrated?

A

accumulates in the leaves causing the stomata to close to prevent transpiration

39
Q

what does ABA thought to have done?

A

abscission- breaking off of leaves from trees

40
Q

what does ethylene do?

A

triggers fruit ripening

41
Q

how does fruit ripen?

A

breakdown of cells walls that cause characteristic color changes

42
Q

how do farmers slow the action of ethylene?

A

flushing stored apples with CO2

43
Q

what happens if a very ripe fruit is placed in a bag with an unripe fruit?

A

unripe fruit ripens quicker

44
Q

what else does ethylene do?

A

plays a role in the fall color changes and drying of leaves and promotes abscission

45
Q

what rhythmic behavior do plants display?

A

opening and closing of stomata and sleep movements

46
Q

circadian rhythm

A

biological cycle of about 24 hours

47
Q

what happens to circadian rhythms when an organism is removed from environmental cues?

A

continue to persist

48
Q

what are circadian rhythms controlled by?

A

internal timekeepers called biological clock

49
Q

biological clock

A

continues to mark time in the absence of environmental cues, but to remain tuned to a period of exactly 24 hours it needs daily signals from the environmental

50
Q

what happens to a plant’s sleep movements if kept in constant darkness?

A

change slightly to a cycle of about 26 hours

51
Q

what is a biological clock?

A

not sure in plants- but in humans the clock is a cluster of nerve cells in the pineal gland that makes melatonin

52
Q

what are biological clocks and circadian rhythms they control not affected by?

A

temperature shifts

53
Q

what does a biological clock influence besides a plant’s daily activites?

A

seasonal events- flowering, seed germination, and the onset and ending of dormancy

54
Q

what is the environmental stimulus plants most often use to detect the time of the year?

A

photoperiod - the relative lengths of night and day

55
Q

2 groups that are triggered by photoperiod

A

long night
short night

56
Q

short day/long night plants

A

plants flower in the late summer, fall, or winter when there is little sunlight and long nights
ex. poinsettias

57
Q

long day/short night plants

A

plants flower in the late spring or early summer
ex. spinach, lettuce, iris

58
Q

when do spinach flower?

A

10 hours of consecutive hours of darkness, and if this is interrupted by a single flash of light, it will not flower

59
Q

what does flowering and other responses depend on?

A

night length

60
Q

critical period

A

how much night a plant needs to flower

61
Q

how to plants measure photoperiod/night length?

A

aid of phytochromes - a colored protein that absorbs wavelength of red light

62
Q

red light - R

A

wavelength 660nm
interrupts

63
Q

far red light - FR

A

wavelength 730 nm
corrects regardless of the number of R light flashes as long as it is the last flash

64
Q

what does phytochrome alternate between?

A

Pr and Pfr

65
Q

Pr

A

absorbs red light

66
Q

fr

A

absorbs far red light

67
Q

how quick is this conversion?

A

very fast

68
Q

what do plants make?

A

Pr

69
Q

if a plant remains in the dark, what form is the pigment in? sunrise? sunset?

A

Pr; Pfr; Pr
this sets the plant’s biological clock

70
Q

this biological clock measures?

A

the time between the conversion of these 2 forms, or the time from sunset to sunrise

71
Q

what does phytochrome do?

A

tells time of day and the season

72
Q

what does Pfr do?

A

triggers Reponses such as seed germination, flowering, and stomata opening

AP BIO (30 decks)

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