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darwin Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what did Plato and Aristotle believe about species?

A

they were permanent and did not evolve

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2
Q

charles darwin 1859 book

A

“On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection”

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3
Q

what did darwin’s book challenge?

A

the scientific views of the time including the belief that the earth was just 6-10,000 years old and populated by unchanging life forms individually made during the 1st week

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4
Q

what was the Judeo-Christian belief supported by?

A

natural theology - a philosophy dedicated to discovering God’s plan by studying nature

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5
Q

what did Linnaeus sought to discover?

A

order in the diversity of life and if the founder of taxonomy

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6
Q

what is taxonomy?

A

concerned with naming and classifying all life forms

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7
Q

what did Linnaeus develop?

A

2 part naming system - binomial nomenclature - which uses a genus and species

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8
Q

how did linnaeus group species?

A

grouped similar looking species into general categories, implying no evolutionary kinship

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9
Q

what did Cuvier do?

A

paleontologist who studied fossils in layers of sedimentary rocks called strata

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10
Q

what did Cuvier document?

A

the succession of fossil species in the Paris Basin and noted that the deeper/older the stratum, the more dissimilar the flora and fauna life from today’s modern organisms

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11
Q

what did Cuvier notice? what did he form from that?

A

noticed extinctions had occurred and developed the idea of catastrophism

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12
Q

catastrophism

A

each stratum corresponded in time to a catastrophe (flood/drought) that destroyed many species of that time and the ravaged region was repopulated by species migrating from other areas

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13
Q

what did geologist Hutton explain?

A

the various landforms on earth today as having risen by gradualism

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14
Q

what idea did geologist lyell develop?

A

uniformitarianism - geological processes haven’t changed over time; ex. the forces that eroded mountains in the past are the same ones working today

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15
Q

what did Lamark first suggest?

A

a model to explain how life evolved

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16
Q

what did lamark compare? what did he find out?

A

by comparing current living species to fossil forms he could see a chronological series of older to younger fossils leading to modern day species

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17
Q

what was on the lowest rungs of the ladder?

A

microscopic organisms which Lamark thoght arose spontenously from nonliving materials (false)

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18
Q

what was at the top of the ladder?

A

complex plants and animals

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19
Q

what is the first idea Lamarck is remembered for?

A

“use & disuse”
idea that if you use a body part a lot, that bpdy part will become larger and stronger, if you dont use a body part it will deteriorate

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20
Q

2nd idea Lamarck is known for?

A

his belief of inheritance of acquired characteristics - modifications an organism acquires during its life can be passed onto offspring (not true but he was the first to say life evolves)

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21
Q

after being bored with medical school, what did darwin become?

A

naturalist

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22
Q

what ship did darwin travel in?

A

HMS Beagle

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23
Q

what did darwin have to do on the voyage?

A

collect, record, and observe thousands of exotic faunas and floras

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24
Q

what place was Darwin interested in?

A

Galapagos - islands of relatively recent volcanic origin west of SA

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25
Q

what are the characteristics of the animals on the Galapagos?

A

they live no where else in the world, bearing resemblance to species living on the mainland of SA

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26
Q

what did it seem that happened on the islands?

A

they were colonized by plants and animals that strayed from the mainland and then diversified on the different islands

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27
Q

how many types of finches did Darwin collect? what ws the main difference?

A

13 types that were similar but different species; beaks and what they ate

28
Q

different types of beaks and function

A

large beak adapted to cracking seed
another beak to grasp insects
another used small twig as a probe for wood0boring insects

29
Q

what did darwin began to view as related processes?

A

new species and adaptation

30
Q

what would happen if a geographical barrier like a water channel separated 2 islands which isolated 2 populations of the same species?

A

the populations would diverge more and more to adapt to local environment conditions and eventually become two different species

31
Q

what is a species?

A

defined as sharing similar anatomical characteristics, members can interbed and produce fertile offspring

32
Q

what made darwin publish his book?

A

naturalist Wallace developed a similar theory which encouraged darwin to quickly publish his book

33
Q

what did darwin believe organisms descended from?

A

a single common ancestor and over millions of years accumulated diverse modifications to fit their environment

34
Q

what did darwin replace the word evolution with in his book?

A

“descent with modifications”

35
Q

tree of life

A

each branch shows lineage

36
Q

animals categories

A

D K P C O F G S

37
Q

Darwin’s first main point on natural selection regarding number

A

production of more individuals than the environment can support leads to a struggle for existence

38
Q

darwin’s second main point on natural selection regarding survival

A

it is not random, bu depends on variation/genetics as those “bets fit” to the environment survive and reproduce and pass on genes - “survival of the fittest”

39
Q

darwin’s third main point on natural selection?

A

the unequal ability of some individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to gradual change in a poulation

40
Q

when did darwin recognize the struggle for existence on human population?

A

essay by Maithus spoke of human suffering that would occur as human population increases faster than food supplies and other resources

41
Q

what is a characteristic all species share?

A

the capacity to overeproduce

42
Q

artificial selection

A

the breeding of domesticated plants and animals for desired traits

43
Q

what have humans done with artificial selection?

A

modified many species over generations that now bear no resemblance to their wild ancestors

44
Q

what did darwin reason about natural selection?

A

it should bring about gradual change eliminating less favorable variations over 100 to 1000 generations

45
Q

what is the smallest unit that can evolve?

A

population

46
Q

what is a population

A

a species that can interbred and share a common geographic area

47
Q

what is evolution measured by?

A

not measured by individuals, it is variations in populations over many generations

48
Q

why is natural selection situational?

A

a favorable adaptation in one situation may be useless or harmful in different circumstances

49
Q

what is responsible for variations?

A

the environment does not create variations in a population
mutations and genetic recombination (crossing over and law of independent assortment) are responsible

50
Q

how did darwin mainly document evolution?

A

evidence from the geographical distribution of species called biogeography ex. islands have many native species yet resemble mainland species

51
Q

what did darwin base his observation on?

A

the fossil record
paleontologists have discovered many transitional/intermediate forms that link older fossils to modern species

52
Q

what type of structures are used as evidence for evloution?

A

homologous structures

53
Q

what is similar between some organisms ?

A

same anatomical structures
ex. forelimbs of humans (grasp), cats (climb), whales(swim), bats (fly) have many of the same skeletal elements but very different functions

54
Q

how is similar anatomical structure a sign of relation?

A

it makes no sense to have similar infrastructure unless they descended from a common ancestor

55
Q

what other examples of other homologous structures?

A

vestigial organs – historical remnants of structures that had importance in ancestors ex. coccyx, appendix, wisdom teeth, ear muscles

56
Q

what are vestigial organs?

A

reduced versions of organs that would be wasteful to continue providing blook, nutrients, and space to organs that no longer have major functions

57
Q

closely related species go through similar stages of what?

A

similar stages of embryonic development ex. all vertebrate embryos, including humans go through a stage where they have gills/pharyngeal pouches/arches

58
Q

what does molecular biology support the relationship of?

A

between species reflected in similar DNA and proteins

59
Q

how related are life forms?

A

related to some extent through branching descent from the earliest organisms and even humans and bacteria have some proteins in common

60
Q

the common genetic code shared by most life forms in evidence of?

A

evidence of the branching of the tree of life ever since the code’s beginning in an early life form

61
Q

law vs theory

A

law =describe
theory= explain

62
Q

why is the idea that darwin’s ideas as “just a theory” flawed?

A

it fails to separate the idea that modern species did indeed evolve from ancestral forms - there is a lot of evidence

63
Q

main mechanism for evolution

A

natural selection

64
Q

other mechanisms for evolution?

A

artificial selection
sexual selection
punctuated equilibrium
many more

65
Q

to biologists, what is evolution?

A

a fact

66
Q

what is the theory part of evolution?

A

the mechanisms of natural selection

67
Q

what are scientists questioning now about natural selection?

A

if it alone accounts for evolution

AP BIO (30 decks)

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