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protein synthesis Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what did Garrod suggest genes coded for?

A

enzymes

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2
Q

according to garrod, what accounted for symptoms of inherited diseases?

A

if a person lacked a particular enzyme

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3
Q

what did Beadle and Tatum work with?

A

mutants of red bread mold called Neurospora

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4
Q

what did Beadle and Tatum discover?

A

wild type could grow on minimal media
however, 3 auxotrophs could not survive on minimal media because they had a mutated gene that coded for a particular enzyme in a metabolic pathway to make arginine as the final product

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5
Q

what are auxotroph?

A

mutant strains

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6
Q

what hypothesis came from Beadle and Tatum?

A

one gene, one enzyme hypothesis

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7
Q

what was Beadle and Tatum’s hypothesis changed to? why?

A

one gene, one protein
to account for the fact that not all genes code for enzymes, but all genes do code for proteins

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8
Q

what is the bridge between DNA and protein synthesis?

A

RNA

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9
Q

3 differences between RNA and DNA

A

RNA has ribose, not deoxyribose
RNA has uracil, not thymine
RNA is single stranded in protein synthesis

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10
Q

what does transcription involve?

A

using DNA as a template to build mRNA which gets modified before leaving the nucleus to a ribosome

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11
Q

what happens once mRNA is at the ribosome?

A

translation can begin

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12
Q

in what “language” is DNA/RNA written in?

A

5 nucleotides

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13
Q

in what “language” is protein written in?

A

20 amino acids

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14
Q

what happens in translation?

A

language of DNA/RNA is translated into language of protein
amino acids are linked to form protein

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15
Q

how much of DNA is used in the making of mRNA?

A

one half

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16
Q

nucleotide triplet

A

codon

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17
Q

what is de-coded into an amino acid?

A

a codon

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18
Q

how is genetic code universal?

A

its shared by everything from most bacteria to plants and animals

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19
Q

what does the shared language of genes show?

A

provides evidence of of a common ancestor of all modern organisms

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20
Q

since genetic code is the same in all organisms, what can we do with it?

A

insert human genes into bacteria and make many important proteins from medical uses like insulin (HGH- human growth hormone)

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21
Q

what is the enzyme responsible for pulling DNA apart and bring in RNA nucleotides?

A

RNA polymerase

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22
Q

what are the three types of RNA?

A

mRNA - messenger
tRNA - transfer
rRNA - ribosomal

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23
Q

what is each type of RNA built by?

A

a different RNA polymerase

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24
Q

what three parts is transcription split into?

A

initiation
elongation
termination

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25
Q

what does transcription begin with?

A

a collection of proteins called transcription factors binding to the TATA box on the DNA molecule

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26
Q

where and what is the TATA box?

A

is in the promoter region of the DNA molecule and it is where the RNA polymerase (II) will bind

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27
Q

in which direction does RNA polymerase move along the DNA molecule?

A

3 to 5 so that mRNA can grow in its 5 to 3 direction

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28
Q

what happens to DNA after RNA polymerase moves past a region of the DNA molecule?

A

it reforms back into a double helix

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29
Q

how many RNA polymerases are there working on a DNA molecule at a time?

A

several

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30
Q

why are there many RNA polymerases?

A

to increase the number of mRNA molecules being made

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31
Q

when does RNA polymerase continue to add RNA nucelotides?

A

until it transcribes a terminator - UAA/UAG/UGA
AND mRNA is cut free from the enzyme

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32
Q

before mRNA can leave the nucleus, what happens to it?

A

it gets modified/RNA processing

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33
Q

what does the 5’ end of mRNA get?

A

5’ cap made up of modified guanine and 3 phosphates

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34
Q

what does the 3’ end of mRNA have?

A

poly (A) tail made of 20-200 adenine

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35
Q

what is the function of adding the “cap and tail” molecules to the end of mRNA?

A

to protect the mRNA from getting broken down by enzymes and it helps the mRNA attach itself to a ribosome

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36
Q

what enzyme modifies mRNA?

A

spliceosome

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37
Q

what does spliceosome do?

A

RNA splicing- a cut and past job of the mRNA molecule, cutting the noncoding stretches of nucleotides

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38
Q

noncoding segments that do not code for amino acids

A

introns

39
Q

coding segments

A

exons (expressed)

40
Q

what pastes together the coding segments?

A

spliceosome

41
Q

what is ribosome made of?

A

large subunit and small subunit
rRNA and proteins

42
Q

when is the ribosome functional?

A

when 2 subunits come together when mRNA arrives

43
Q

how many binding sites does mRNA have?

A

3 binding sites for tRNA - EPA

44
Q

P site

A

Peptidyl-tRNA binding site
holds the growing protein

45
Q

A site

A

Aminoacyl-tRNA binding site
holds the tRNA bearing the next amino acid

46
Q

E site

A

exit site
“empty” tRNA exits from ribosome

47
Q

what is the function of tRNA?

A

transfer amino acids from cytoplasm to a ribosome

48
Q

how many amino acids are within the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

20

49
Q

are tRNA molecules identical?

A

no

50
Q

laid out, what is the shape of tRNA? natural configuration?

A

upside down clove leaf, upside down L

51
Q

anitcodon

A

segment located on one side of the tRNA which varies

52
Q

what will the anitcodon bind to?

A

mRNA’s codons according to the base pairing rules

53
Q

where do specific amino acids bind to on tRNA?

A

3’ end

54
Q

how many tRNA’s are there?

A

45

55
Q

why are there 45 tRNA instead of 61?

A

Wobble Effect - anticodons can recognize 2 or more different codons as 3rd base of codon is not very strict

56
Q

what does the wobble effect explain?

A

why synonymous codons for a given amino acids can differ in their 3rd base, but usually not in their other bases

57
Q

what are the three stages of translation?

A

initiation, elongation, and termination

58
Q

what do the stages of translation require?

A

all three require transcription factors and two need a molecule to energize named GTP (guanine triphosphate)

59
Q

what does initiation in translation do?

A

brings together mRNA, tRNA bearing the first amino acid of the polypeptide, and eventually 2 subunits of ribosome

60
Q

what is the start codon on mRNA?

A

AUG

61
Q

what is the anticodon of the start codon on mRNA?

A

UAC

62
Q

what bond do the codon and anticodon form?

A

weak H bond

63
Q

what does tRNA bring for the start codon?

A

amino acid methionine

64
Q

once the start codon is initiated what happens?

A

the large ribosomal subunit completes the initiation complex, then the tRNA that brought Met is in the P site of the ribosome and is ready to accept the next tRNA bearing an amino acid in the A site

65
Q

when does the large subunit come in?

A

only after the first tRNA brings in an amino acid

66
Q

where does the first tRNA start?

A

immediately in the P site, not A

67
Q

what happens in elongation in translation?

A

next tRNA comes to the A site where its anticodon forms a hydrogen bond with codon of mRNA and a covalent bond forms between the amino acid in the P site and the newly arrives amino acid in the A site

68
Q

what does the formation of the peptide bond do?

A

moves the growing polypeptide chain to the newly arrived tRNA, which then causes the tRNA in the P site to translocate to the E site and the tRNA in the A site to the P site and cycle repeats

69
Q

when does the elongation of the growing polypeptide stop?

A

until a stop codon (UAA, UAG, UGA) is encountered on mRNA

70
Q

what happens once a stop codon is encountered?

A

a protein called release factor frees the polypeptide (the primary level of protein) and the ribosome, mRNA, and tRNA complex breaks apart

71
Q

how long does the translation process take?

A

less than a minute

72
Q

what is a string of ribosomes making proteins called?

A

polyribosomes

73
Q

how many ribosomes are translating the same message at the same time?

A

many

74
Q

what happens once a polypeptide is made?

A

it begins to spontaneously fold into secondary and tertiary structures with the aid of chaperonins proteins

75
Q

after the folding of a polypeptide, what happens next?

A

other attachments may be made like glycoproteins and lipoproteins
or quaternary structures can be made

76
Q

what are the two types of ribosome?

A

free and bound

77
Q

free ribosome

A

in cytosol
mostly make proteins that remain in the cytosol and function there

78
Q

bound ribosome

A

attached to ER
make proteins of the endomembrane system (nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vacuoles, and plasma membrane) and proteins that get secreted from cell

79
Q

where does translation begin on?

A

always a free ribosome and the growing peptide may signal the ribosome to attach to the ER

80
Q

what happens when a ribosome attaches to the ER?

A

protein usually goes to cisternal space of ER to get folded and eventually secreted

81
Q

4 types of mutation

A

Polyploidy - entire set
Nondisjunction - a whole chromosome
Segment of Chromosome
Point

82
Q

what are point mutations?

A

mutation that are changes in just one or a few bases

83
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

mutation of one base pair that codes for hemoglobin

84
Q

base pair substitution

A

replacing 1 nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

85
Q

three types of base pair substitutions

A

silent
missense
nonsense

86
Q

silent base pair mutation

A

codes for the same amino acid

87
Q

missense base pair mutation

A

codes for a different amino acid

88
Q

nonsense base pair mutation

A

codes for a stop

89
Q

insertions and deletion mutations

A

addition or loss of one or more nucleotide pairs

90
Q

frameshift causing extensive missense

A

one nucleotide lost or gained changes every amino acid after it

91
Q

frameshift causing immediate nonsense

A

one nucleotide lost or gained that codes for a stop

92
Q

insertion or deletion of 3 nucleotides, no extensive frameshift

A

loss or gain of one amino acid

93
Q

mutations caused by an outside/ environmental factors

A

mutagens

94
Q

examples of mutagens

A

physical and chemical agents like plastic, burnt, charred meat, red meat, BPA, cell phone

AP BIO (30 decks)

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