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VMS 1007 > The onset of reproductive activity > Flashcards

The onset of reproductive activity Flashcards

1
Q

What is puberty in humans (menarche)

A

The point of first menstruation/ point of carrying offspring to first term

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2
Q

What is puberty in animals

A

The ability to accomplish reproductive successfully

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3
Q

What is pre-pubertal

A

Hypothalamic neurones and HPG established but quiescent

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4
Q

Peri-pubertal

A

Acquire ability to receive information from pre-synaptic
neurones to increase frequency and promote GnRH secretion

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5
Q

Puberty

A

Increased frequency and amplitude of GnRH secretion

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6
Q

What is brain puberty dependent on?

A

ability of hypothalamus to secrete sufficient GnRH to stimulate pituitary gonadotrophin secretion.

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7
Q

When is brain puberty stimulated?

A

Stimulated when GnRH neurones respond completely to gonadal hormone feedback.

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8
Q

What happens to light as it enters the eye?

A

RHT goes to synapses at the SCN this then travels to the ganglion of the neck then back to the pineal gland

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9
Q

When is melatonin secreted?

A

during hours of darkness

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10
Q

When is the hypothalamus sensitive to melatonin?

A

during the late afternoon

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11
Q

What indicates a short day?

A

coincidence of melatonin secretion and hypothalamus sensitivity

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12
Q

What is puberty dependent on?

A

body mass and fatness

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13
Q

What does 2-deoxyglucose do?

A

inhibits glucose oxidation which supresses pulse frequency/ LH

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14
Q

When would an animal start laying down fat reserves?

A

After all essential body systems have been produced

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15
Q

What is a trigger for puberty?

A

Fat reserves

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16
Q

How does leptin trigger GnRH secretion?

A

leptin acts on neuropeptide Y neurons which acts on kisspeptin neurons which acts on GnRH neurons and therefore GnRH is released

17
Q

What is the effect of GnRH during Pre-Puberty in females?

A

The hypothalamus releases small amounts of GnRH which in turn releases small pulses of LH and FSH and smaller amounts of estrogen which acts negatively on the hypothalamus to decrease pulse frequency

18
Q

What is the effect of Maturation in a pubertal female?

A

Once the Hypothalmus matures there is increased pulses of GnRH and therefore increased pulses of LH and FSH, this stimulates follicles to mature and causes more oestrogen to be produced which has a positive effect on the hypothalamus and causes the surge centre to cause ovulation

19
Q

What do low levels of estrogen mean for the centres in a female?

A

It means negative feedback which causes decreased pulsing in the tonic centre

20
Q

What do higher levels of estrogen due to follicles mean for the centres in a female?

A

It means positive feedback which will stimulate the surge centre

21
Q

When is melatonin released?

A

In the absence of daylight

22
Q

What would signify a short day to an animal?

A

If melatonin secretion coincided to when the hypothalamus is most sensitive to melatonin (around 4pm)

23
Q

What is the pathway that secretes melatonin?

A

Stimulus of light-> travels along the retino-hypothalamic tract -> synapses at the SCN -> BSCG -> synapses at the SCN again -> pineal gland -> conversion of tryptophan into serotonin and serotonin into melatonin

24
Q

What proves that brain puberty is independent of the anterior pituitary?

A

You can induce puberty at any point by injecting GnRH

25
Q

What are the puberty timings for a cow?

A

both 11 months

26
Q

What are the puberty timings for a horse

A

Male 18, Female 17 months

27
Q

What are the puberty timings for a sheep?

A

Both 7 months

28
Q

What are the puberty timings for a pig?

A

Male 7 months, Female 6 months

29
Q

What are the puberty timings for a dog?

A

male 9 months, female 12 months

30
Q

What are the puberty timings for a cat?

A

Male 9 months, Female 8 months

31
Q

What is the effect of hypothalamus maturation in males?

A

The hypothalamus no longer listens to the testosterone suppressing the pulse frequency and therefore the pulse frequency/a mplitude increases driving the testicles to develop

32
Q

What is the effect of hypothalamus maturation in males?

A

The hypothalamus no longer listens to the testosterone suppressing the pulse frequency and therefore the pulse frequency/a mplitude increases driving the testicles to develop

33
Q

What does puberty mean for a male?

A

Having fertlizable spermatozoa in the ejaculate

34
Q

What does puberty mean for a female?

A

Having a supported pregnancy without negative effects

VMS 1007 (30 decks)

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