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VMS 1007 > Copulation and fertilisation > Flashcards

Copulation and fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in penile erection?

A

Visual/ Olfactory cues from the female

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2
Q

What do the parasympathetic nerve fibres fire?

A

NANC fibres that release NO

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3
Q

What does Nitrous oxide do?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle which causes vasodilation which then causes erection

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4
Q

What does the ischiocavernous muscle do?

A

prevents drainage of the blood entering the penis

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5
Q

What does the vas deferens do?

A

Contracts to move sperm to the urethra

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6
Q

What does contraction of the male accessory glands do?

A

Releases fluids/ plasma that then mix with the sperm

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7
Q

What does the Bulbospongiosus muscle do?

A

contracts to expel sperm/ urine

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8
Q

What are some adaptations to maintain sperm?

A

Direct insemination to the uterus, Maintaining position (bitch) and using a viscous ‘gel-like’ ejaculate

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9
Q

What is the cervixes adaptation to hold onto sperm?

A

They have crypts that sperm can be held in then released periodically

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10
Q

What is an adaptation of the uterus to move sperm along?

A

release of sperm causes release of oxytocin which stimulates contraction of the smooth muscle in the uterus

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11
Q

What is the entrance to the oviduct referred to?

A

Uterotubal junction

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12
Q

What is capacitation?

A

Final Maturation of the sperm

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13
Q

What is the acrosome reaction?

A

A series of changes where the acrosomes on the sperm (enzymes) break down the outer layer of the sperm allowing it to fuse with the zona pellucida

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14
Q

What does the sperm release once it has entered the zona pellucida and attached to the microvilli?

A

Cortical granules, these form a layer which prevents any more sperm from entering the oocyte

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15
Q

What occurs in the oocyte after fertilisation?

A

Another polar body is formed containing half of the genetic information so the oocyte becomes haploid

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16
Q

What is syngamy?

A

Fusing of the male and female genetic information so that it becomes a zygote

17
Q

What reaches out from the oocyte to fuse with the semen?

A

Microvilli

fuses with inner acrosomal membrane once it has been revealed

18
Q

What part of the penis will the blood enter?

A

corpus cavernosum (spongy/air filled)

19
Q

Why is sperm motility important?

A

Helps drive the sperm through the zona pellucida

20
Q

When will the cervix release sperm from the crypts?

A

only In the absence of progesterone

21
Q

What hormone will cause the uterus to contract?

A

Oxytocin, after being released from the posterior pituitary

22
Q

Describe capacitation

A

1) epididymal proteins and carbs are added to the outer membrane of the sperm
2) seminal plasma from accesory glands coats the zona pellucida receptors
3) proteins and seminal plasma is lost therefore the zona pellucida receptors are revealed

23
Q

When does seminal plasma cover the sperm head?

at what point during ejaculation

A

post-ejaculation

24
Q

When are the proteins lost from the head of the sperm?

A

Once the sperm has entered the uterus

25
Q

What is the corona radiata?

A

outer layer of the oocyte

helps to provide protection

26
Q

How do bitches, Mares and Sows improve sperm retention?

A

The sperm is directly inseminated into the uterus

27
Q

What is one adaptation that bitches have to improve sperm retention?

A

They maintain their position

28
Q

What is one adaptation to ejaculate in stallions, boars and rodents?

A

Their ejaculate is a ‘viscous gel’

29
Q

What is the sperm storage time in the cervix for different species?

A
  • Pig – 6 days * Human – 4 days * Horse – 6 days * Bat – 1 year
30
Q

What is the function of polyspermy?

A

To prevent/ block polyploidy

31
Q

What is the oestrus length for a mare?

A

7 days

32
Q

What is the oestrus length for a cow?

A

18 hours

33
Q

What is the oestrus length for a bitch?

A

9 days

34
Q

What is the oestrus length for a pig?

A

50 hours

35
Q

What is the oestrus length for a sheep?

A

30 hours

36
Q

What is the function of the bulbospongious muscle in penile erection?

A

aids to maintain erection by increasing pressure in the bulb of the penis

37
Q

What is the function of the ischiocavernhous muscle in penile erection?

A

Contracts to push blood from the crura into the cavernous muscle

VMS 1007 (30 decks)

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