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VMS 1007 > The fertile female > Flashcards

The fertile female Flashcards

1
Q

How can you tell when an animal with an oestrus cycle is ready for ovulation?

A

mainly behaviour

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2
Q

what is ovulation?

A

release of an ovum

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3
Q

At what point during meiosis do the oocytes pause?

A

when they are primary immature oocytes

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4
Q

What do the primary immature oocytes associate themselves with?

A

Primordial follicles

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5
Q

What does the LH surge do in oogenesis?

A

Forms a secondary oocyte with a polar body

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6
Q

What is a follicle?

A

a functional unit within the ovary

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7
Q

What is recruitment

A

when primordial follicles develop in each cycle

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8
Q

What is the zona pellucida?

A

The outer protective layer of the oocyte

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9
Q

When do the primordial follicles form?

A

when the primary oocytes do

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10
Q

What layer is avascular and therefore is required for the oocyte to take up nutrients?

A

Granulosa

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11
Q

What is the function of follicular fluid?

A

takes up space within the follicle further increasing the size

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12
Q

What triggers ovulation?

A

Pre-Ovulatory surge

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13
Q

What is another name of a collapsed follicle?

A

corpora haemorrhagica

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14
Q

What forms after ovulation?

A

it becomes an oocyte

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15
Q

What is the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

When the follicle is developing

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16
Q

What is the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

When you have a corpus luteum producing progesterone

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17
Q

What is oestrus a marker of in animals?

A

The end of the follicular phase/ ovulation

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18
Q

What is the function of prostoglandin?

A

Main luteolytic agent (causes luteolysis)

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19
Q

What is atresia?

A

Degradation of the follicles that are not recruited in the menstrual cycle

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20
Q

Which hormone triggers selection?

A

FSH

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21
Q

When does the oocyte begin meiosis I?

A

Meiosis I begins before puberty but then the oocyte becomes arrested in prophase I

22
Q

When is meiosis I completed?

A

The nuclear arrest is lifted during the LH surge (puberty) so meiosis I is completed and a secondary oocyte forms

23
Q

What are the two main forms of female reproductive cycle?

A

The menstrual cycle and the oestrus cycle

24
Q

What does puberty do to primordial follicles?

A

Stimulates the development of primary follicles from primordial follicles

25
Q

What type of follicle is ovulated?

A

Mature/Graafian follicle

26
Q

At what stage is the zona pellucida formed?

A

Primary follicle

27
Q

At what stage do thecal cells develop around the granulosa cells?

A

Secondary follicle

28
Q

What is the function of the follicular fluid (antral cavity)?

A

To increase follicle size

29
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells proliferating?

A

To increase follicular size

30
Q

How do we protect developing gametes from the blood supply?

A

Thecal cells, basal lamina and granulosa cells

31
Q

What is the consequence of granulosa cells being avascular?

A

No blood cells therefore the granulosa cells must regulate development/ nutrition

32
Q

What does the binding of androgens to thecal cells on the follicle do?

A

Stimulates the proliferation of granulosa cells and the production of some oestrogen

33
Q

What does FSH binding to granulosa cells trigger?

A

The production of enzymes that produce oestrogen from teh androgens produced by the thecal cells

34
Q

What does oestradial trigger?

A

Stimulates even more granulosa cell proliferation

35
Q

What happens to the endocrine nature of the follicle after the pre-ovulatory LH surge?

A

Granulosa cells loosen, there is increased blood flow to the theca cells, stops the synthesis of oestrogen and starts synthesising progesterone

36
Q

When does a secondary oocyte become a zygote?

A

After it has been fertilized

37
Q

What do the granulosa cells become after ovulation?

A

Large luteal cells (high lipid concentration)

38
Q

What do the thecal cells become after ovulation?

A

Small luteal cells

39
Q

When does luteolysis occur?

A

Over a period of 1-3 days in the late luteal phase

40
Q

Where is Pgf2A produced?

A

In primates and dogs- ovary
In most other animals- uterine endometrium

41
Q

What cells produce oxytocin in response to pgf2a?

A

The large luteal cells (which also causes positive feedback of even more pgf2a)

42
Q

When does ovulation occur during the oestrus cycle?

A

at the end of the follicular phase

43
Q

What is dioestrus characterised by?

A

Functional corpus luteum and high progesterone levels

44
Q

What is proestrus characterised by?

A

Significant increase in oestradiol

45
Q

What is oestrus characterised by?

A

High oestradiol and sexual receptivity

46
Q

What happens to the egg cell before birth?

A

Primordial germ cell divides by mitosis to become oogonia/ primary oocyte
Primary oocyte then undergoes meiotic prophase to double its chromatids (46 chromosones/ chromatids to 46 chromosoneds and 96 chromatids) (still 2n)

47
Q

What occurs to the egg cell post-puberty?

Oogenesis

A

Once a month an LH surge causes the meiotic arrest to be liftted
Meiosis 1 is completed and a secondary oocyte is formed (n=23)
This oocyte is then ovulated and fertlized producing a 2n zygote

48
Q

How often is meiosis 1 completed?

A

It is completed by one primary oocyte each month

49
Q

What occurs during ovulation in terms of hormones

A

LH pulses stimulate the granulosa cells to produce estrogen, the increase in estrogen stimulates the pre-ovulatory LH surge (surge centre)
This causes a secondary oocyte to form and ovulate
and changes to occur (granulosa cells loosen, follicle size increases, granulosa cells withdraw from the zona pellucida)
Less estrogen is produced and more progesterone is produced

50
Q

What is a corpus hemorrhagicum?

A

ruptured follicle

51
Q

What is the fate of the follicle after ovulation?

A

Fibrin core forms a blood clot, granulosa and thecal cells break down
Basal lamina breaks down
Granulosa cells hypertrophy to large luteal cells
Theca cells become small luteal cells

VMS 1007 (30 decks)

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