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Anatomy > The Lower Limb > Flashcards

The Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the bones that form the pelvic girdle at birth

A

At birth there are two sets of each:

  • ischium
  • ilium
  • pubis

these articulate at ‘y’ shaped cartilage in acetabulum

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2
Q

What is the acetabulum?

A

The socket of the hip joint

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3
Q

What happens to the pelvic girdle after puberty?

A

Ossification of the cartilage converts the pelvis into 2 single bones - inonimate bones

these articulate with the sacrum (+ coccyx) to form the pelvic girdle

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4
Q

What is the ilium?

A

Uppermost and largest part of the hip bone

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5
Q

What is the ischium?

A

Forms the lower and back part of the hip bone

Situated below the ilium and behind the pubis

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6
Q

What is the pubis?

A

ventral and anterior - situated at the front

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7
Q

What is the ASIS?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

  • Anterior projection of iliac crest
  • Provides attachment for inguinal ligament and sartorius muscle
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8
Q

Describe the iliac crest

A

thick curved upper border of the ilium, the most prominent bone on the pelvis

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9
Q

What is the pubic tubercle?

A

Prominent forward-projecting tubercle on superior ramus of pubis
The inguinal ligament attaches to it

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10
Q

What is the ischial spine?

A

Extension of posterior border of the Ischium

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11
Q

Describe the ischial tuberosity

A 
Sitting bone (you sit on it)
posterior and inferior tuberosity of the ischium
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12
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

Large opening created by the ischium and pubis bones of the pelvis through which nerves and blood vessels pass

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13
Q

Where is the greater sciatic notch located?

A

Lies between posterior inferior iliac spine (above), and the ischial spine (below)
- becomes greater sciatic foramen due to sacrospinous ligament

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14
Q

Where is the lesser sciatic notch found?

A

Below the ischial spine

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15
Q

What is the pubic symphysis?

A

secondary cartilaginous joint of the 2 pubic bones

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16
Q

What are the sacro-iliac joints?

A

This is where the pelvis joins the sacrum

17
Q

What is the sacrospinous ligament?

A

A thin, triangular ligament in the human pelvis
- Base of ligament attaches to outer edge of sacrum and
coccyx
- Tip attaches to ischial spine

18
Q

What is the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

Slender, fan-shaped ligament of posterior pelvis located on either side of the body

19
Q

What is the function of the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?

A

prevent rotation of the ilium past the sacrum

sacrospinous - across sacrum - greater sciatic notch
sacrotuberous - diagonally sacrum to ischial tuberosity

20
Q

What forms the hip joint?

A

Head of the femur articulates with the acetabulum

  • more congruent than glenohumeral joint
  • less mobility and rotation of hip than of shoulder
21
Q

Describe the similarities between upper and lower limb anatomy

A

A single bone in the thigh/arm
2 bones in leg / forearm
Tarsus / carpus

22
Q

Outline the bones of the lower limb

A
  • Femur
  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Patella
  • Talus
  • Calcaneus
  • Metatarsals
23
Q

Describe the femur

A

Thigh bone
Head forms a ball-and-socket joint with acetabulum
Held in place by ligamentum teres femoris + strong surrounding ligaments

24
Q

What is the tibia?

A

Shin bone found in lower anterior portion of the leg

2nd largest bone in body

25
Q

What is the fibula?

A

Calf bone - long, thin and lateral bone of the lower leg

The fibula is smaller and thinner than the tibia

26
Q

What is the role of the fibula?

A

Stabilises the ankle and supporting the muscles of the lower leg

27
Q

What is the patella?

A

Knee cap

  • Flat, circular-triangular bone
  • Articulates with femur
  • Protects anterior surface of knee joint
28
Q

What is the talus?

A

The talus makes up the lower part of the ankle joint
(tibia + fibula form upper part)

Talus sits above calcaneous (heel)

29
Q

Describe the calcaneus

A

Heel bone - large, forms foundation of rear foot

Calcaneus connects with the talus and cuboid bones

30
Q

What is the subtalar joint?

A

Joint formed between talus and calcaneus

- important for normal foot function

31
Q

What is the greater trochanter?

A

The greater trochanter of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence located laterally

32
Q

What is the lesser trochanter?

A

A pyramidal prominence that projects from proximal and medial part of the femur shaft

33
Q

Describe the tibial tuberosity

A

A large oblong elevation on the proximal, anterior aspect of the tibia
below medial / lateral condyles end

34
Q

What is the lateral malleolus?

A

Outside ankle joint

Lateral end of fibula

35
Q

What is the medial malleolus?

A

Prominence on the inner side of the ankle

Formed by lower end of the tibia

36
Q

What is the significance of the 5th metatarsal?

A

Conencts ankle with little toe

Base is slightly bulged - styloid process

37
Q

Which bones form the knee joint?

A

Femur articulates with tibia

Patella is large sesamoid bone at the front of the joint

38
Q

What are the metatarsals and phalanges of the toes?

A

Same as hand
digits have 3 phalanges
- middle, proximal, distal phalanx (-ges)

big toe (hallux) only has 2 phalanges

Anatomy (34 decks)

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