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Biology > The Kidneys > Flashcards

The Kidneys Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

How large are kidneys

A

7-12cm length

200-400g = 0.5% body mass

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1
Q

Where are the kidneys

A

Below lungs
Behind stomach
Towards back

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2
Q

What do kidneys do

A

Production of urine absorbing nutrients we dont want to excrete

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3
Q

Label urinary system

A

Label kidney

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4
Q

Function of: vena cava

A

Main vein returning blood to the heart

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5
Q

Function of: renal vein

A

Takes ‘cleaned’ blood away from kidneys

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6
Q

Function of: aorta

A

Main artery supplying oxygenated blood to body

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7
Q

Function of: renal artery

A

Brings blood containing ‘waste’ to the kidneys

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8
Q

Function of: urethra

A

Carries urine from bladder to exterior

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9
Q

Function of: ureters

A

Carry urine to the bladder from the kidneys

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10
Q

Function of: bladder

A

Muscular sac that stores urine (~700cm(cb))

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11
Q

Function of: sphincter muscle

A

Keeps bladder closed

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12
Q

Function of: medulla

A

Lighter middle layer of kidney

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13
Q

Function of: pelvis

A

Central cavity which collects urine

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14
Q

Function of: cortex

A

Darker outer layer

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15
Q

Function of: nephron

A

Filtration unit (where urine is produced)

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16
Q

Kidneys excrete the same waste products as sweat just in different quantities and proportions

A

Urea
Minerals (ions/salt)
Water

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17
Q

The main function of the kidney is to get rid of … Such a … Extra … And extra …

A

Waste
Urea
Water
Salt

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18
Q

Dirty blood has urea, proteins, calls, glucose, amino acids, salt and water
But clean blood has

A

Everything but urea and only some salt and water after leaving the kidney

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19
Q

A person should only excrete through urine:

A

Urea, some salt and some water, however diabetics would excrete glucose

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20
Q

Effects on urine composition when drinking water

A

Blood volume increases
Goes through kidneys
Urine volume increases
Blood volume decreases

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21
Q

Effects on urine composition when thirsty

A

Blood volume decreases
Goes through kidneys
Urine volume decrease
Blood volume is maintained

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22
Q

Effects on urine composition when eating salt (crips)

A

Blood solute concentration increases
Goes through kidneys
Urine volume decreases
Water kept in blood

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23
Q

Why do we need to excrete urea

A

As it is a waste product from our blood with no nutrients

Ammonia and urea is a toxic build up

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24
Q

Why does the amount of water in a cell need to be regulated

A

Water and salt levels need to remain the same as cells cannot work properly for chemical reactions to occur (too little water) and not efficient enough (too much water)
AKA osmoregulation

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25
Q

Step 1: ultrafiltration

Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus

A
  • small molecules are filtered out of the blood
  • large molecules stay in the blood
  • high pressure of blood
  • gaps in the walls of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
26
Q

Step 2: selective reabsorption

Proximal convoluted tubule and blood stream

A
  • useful molecules are re-absorbed back into the bloodstream by active transport
  • some water moves back into blood by osmosis
  • urea stays in the filtrate
27
Q

Step 3: adjusting salt concentration

Loop of Henlé

A

-by taking or adding more salt to change blood salt concentration

28
Q

Step 4: adjusting the PH, salt and water concentration

Distal convoluted tubule

A

FINISH THIS

29
Q

Step 5: adjusting water concentration

Collecting duct

A

FINISH THIS

30
Q

Variable for negative feedback would be

A

Low/high water concentration in blood

31
Q 
Negative feedback for low water concentration in blood 
Ie
Stimulus
Receptor/sensor
Integrator/control centre
Effector
Response
Negative feedback
A
  • low water concentration in blood (high solute)
  • osmo-receptors in hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to release ADH/thirst centre in hypothalamus
  • ADH works on collecting ducts which become more permeable to water/drinking
  • more water reabsorbed into blood thus less urine is produced/water concentration in blood increases
  • as water concentration increases –> ADH secretion stops
32
Q

Negative feedback when high water concentration in blood

A
  • high water concentration in blood (low solute)
  • osmo receptors in hypothalamus
  • hypothalamus does not stimulate pituitary gland to release ADH
  • collecting ducts become less permeable to water
  • less water is reabsorbed into blood, more urine is produced
  • water concentration decreases
33
Q

Why does the body need amino acids

A

To be taken into the bloodstream via the ileum and transported into cells that need to build new proteins

34
Q

What happens to the protein we eat in the digestive system

A

Broken down into amino acids with help from pepsin and trypsin (enzymes) in the stomach and small intestine respectively

35
Q

What happens to the excess amino acids in the blood that the body does not need

A

Broken down or destroyed

36
Q

The first thing the liver does with excess amino acids is to deaminate them. What molecules are formed as a result of this

A

Ammonia
Ketoacid
Called deamination

37
Q

Why does ammonia have to be turned into urea

A

As ammonia is very poisonous and urea is less toxic

38
Q

Where does the urea go after it has been made in the liver

A

Carried from the liver by blood in hepatic vein to heart to lungs and back to heart, leaves heart by aorta and enters kidneys via renal artery which gets rid of it through urine via ureters temporarily stored in bladder and leaves body by urethra

39
Q

What happens to useful amino acids

A

Taken up by body cells and used to build new proteins

40
Q

Function of: glomerulus

A

Network of capillaries in Bowman’s capsule

41
Q

Function of: Bowman’s capsule

A

Where filtrate is kept

42
Q

Function of: ultrafiltration

A

Small molecules filtered out of blood, large molecules stay in it

43
Q

Function of: proximal convoluted tubule

A

Where selective reabsorption takes place

44
Q

Function of: selective reabsorption

A

Useful molecules reabsorbed back into bloodstream by active transport, water by osmosis

45
Q

Function of: loop of Henlé

A

Adjusting salt concentration

46
Q

Steak to urine:

1) the steak is eaten and enters the …
2) protein in the steak is broken down into … With the help of the enzymes … And … This happens in the … And … Respectively
3) amino acids are absorbed into the … In the small intestine (ileum)
4) useful amino acids are taken up by body cells and used to build new …
5) … Amino acids are transported to the liver
6) in the liver, excess amino acids are broken down into … + …
7) ammonia is converted into …
8) urea leaves the liver in the hepatic vein and travels to the … (And from there to the lungs and back to the heart)
9) urea leaves heart in the … And enters the … Via the renal …
10) urea us filtered out if the blood in the … Into urine
11) urine leaves the kidney via the … Is temporarily stored in the … And leaves the body via the …

A 
Digestive system 
Amino acids
Pepsin
Trypsin
Stomach
Small intestine
Bloodstream
Cells
Proteins
Excess
Liver
Excess
Ammonia
Keto acid 
Urea
Heart
Aorta
Kidneys 
Artery
Kidney 
Ureters 
Bladder 
Urethra
47
Q

Why is kidney failure a threat to life

A
  • build up of urea in the body (toxic)

- water and salt not balanced which can lead to osmotic problems

48
Q

What can cause kidney failure

A
  • infectious diseases
  • tumours
  • accidents
  • diabetes
49
Q

How can kidney failure be treated

A

Dialysis or kidney transplant

50
Q

What should people with kidney problems eat

A

Less protein

Monitor water and sugar levels

51
Q

Principle of dialysis is the same as a kidney

A

Dirty blood
Dialysis machine
Clean blood + waste

52
Q

Be able to label a dialysis machine

A

Copy from biology folder

53
Q

1) dialysis fluid contains:
2) … blood enters the dialysis machine
3) urea + excess salt + excess water diffuse through … Membrane into dialysis fluid
4) dialysis fluid containing urea is … As waste while clean blood leaves the dialysis machine and … To the body

A

1) no urea, salt, amino acids, glucose + water in normal blood concentration
2) dirty
3) a semi - permeable
4) discarded, travels back

54
Q

A patient with kidney failure will soon die unless there is a way to rid the body of the … And excess … A dialysis machine provides … Kidney for the sufferers of kidney failure

A

Urea
Salt
An artificial

55
Q

… Is drawn from a vein in the body and enters the dialysis machine. The blood flows through a dialysis … Which is … It has in it pores which will allow small particles to pass through, like …, …, …, …, and amino acids but not large particles like … Or …

A 
Blood
Membrane
Semi-permeable
Salt
Water
Urea
Glucose
Proteins
Blood cells
56
Q

Surrounding the membrane is … This contains useful molecules which should be in the blood plasma (eg …, … And some salt), in the correct concentrations. There is no … In the dialysis fluid.

A

Dialysis fluid
Glucose
Amino acids
Urea

57
Q

The urea moves from the blood to the dialysis fluid by … There is no … Diffusion of glucose and amino acids from the blood to the dialysis fluid.

A

Diffusion

Net

58
Q

Excess … Diffuses out of the … Keeping it at the right levels. Osmoregulation occurs in much the same way. If there is too … Water in the blood it will enter the dialysis fluid by … The reverse occurs if the blood is too … The blood us kept at the correct … While it passes through the machine. The blood then returns to the body.

A 
Salt
Blood
Much
Osmosis
Concentrated
Temperature
59
Q

A dialysis patient needs to be careful what they … And … Too much … And protein between dialysis treatments can cause problems. Also the amount of … Which may be taken is very restricted as the body has mo way of getting rid of it.

A 
eat
Drink
Salt
Protein
Water
60
Q

Disadvantages of dialysis

A
  • regular sessions (2/3 times a week)
  • can be from 4-10 hours
  • restrictions in food and drink
  • expensive long term
61
Q

Advantages in dialysis

A
  • more readily available
  • can be done over many years
  • no danger of rejection
  • no need to take immunosuppressive drugs
62
Q

Advantages for transplant

A
  • no dialysis sessions
  • can eat and drink normally and lead normal life
  • after surgery, relatively low cost
63
Q

Disadvantages for transplant

A
  • requires suitable organ donor (tissue match)
  • transplants don’t last for life (new transplant needed every 10 years)
  • danger of rejection (regular check-ups needed)
  • need to take immunosuppressive drugs therefore risk of recurrent infection

Biology (21 decks)

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