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Cells Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

What organelles do animal cells contain but plant cells dont

A

Lysosome

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1
Q

What organelles do both plant and animal cells share

A 
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane 
Mitochondria
Golgi
Cytoskeleton 
Nucleolus
Ribosome
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2
Q

What organelles do only plant cells contain but animal cells dont

A

Cell wall
Permanent Vacuole
Chloroplasts

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Control centre of the cell, contains genetic information

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Liquid gel in which most of the chemical reactions take place

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5
Q

Cell membrane

A

Semi-permeable controls movement of material in and out of cell

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6
Q

Cell wall

A

Supports and protects plant cell

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7
Q

Mitochondrion

A

The ‘powerhouse’ of the cell (produces ATP by respiration)

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8
Q

Ribosome

A

Production of proteins

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9
Q

Chloroplast

A

Uses energy to make food by photosynthesis

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10
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Stores food water and waste in plants

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11
Q

Lysosome

A

Special type of vacuole that breaks down old cell parts and large molecules

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12
Q

ER

A

Transport of chemicals and proteins within a cell

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13
Q

Golgi

A

Modifies proteins to make them functional; and transports proteins within cells

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14
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Support structure within cells (skeleton); made of proteins

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15
Q

Organ

A

Collection of tissues that perform a specific function within an organism
Eg liver

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16
Q

Organism

A

A living being

Eg mouse

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17
Q

Organelle

A

A functional structure within a cell

Eg nucleus

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18
Q

Organ system

A

Collection of organs that perform a specific function within an organism
Eg digestive system

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19
Q

Tissue

A

Collection of connected cells that perform a similar function within an organism
Eg muscle

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20
Q

Cell

A

The structural unit of an organism may exist as an independent life
Eg blood cell

21
Q

Name a specialised cell

A

Sperm cell
Fertilisation of egg
With tail for movement, many mitochondria, genetic info

22
Q

Name a specialised cell

A

White blood cell
Destroy pathogens
Some produce antibodies, some have flexible cytoskeletons so they can change shape quickly to engulf bacteria

23
Q

Name a specialised plant cell

A

Palisade cell
Photosynthesis
Lots of chloroplasts, tightly packed, elongated

24
Q

Name a specialised plant cell

A

Root hair cell
Uptake of water and material
Have root hairs (increase SA), large permanent vacuole, close to xylem (water transport)

25
Q

Diffusion

A
  • the movement of gases or dissolved molecules from an area with a high concentration to an area with low concentration until an equilibrium is reached
  • the movement of molecules down a concentration gradient
  • molecules (gas or dissolved) move around randomly due to kinetic energy
  • when an equilibrium is reached there is no net movement
26
Q

Diffusion across membranes

A

Cell membranes are selectively permeable allowing O2 and CO2 in, mostly letting glucose amino acids and iron in, but not letting larger molecules like starch and protein

27
Q

Diffusion: Concentration gradient

A

The higher the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion

28
Q

Diffusion: diffusion distance

A

The smaller the diffusion distance the faster the rate of diffusion

29
Q

Diffusion: SA

A

The larger the SA the faster the rate of diffusion

30
Q

Diffusion: temperature

A

The higher the temperature the greater the rate of diffusion as the molecules have more kinetic energy

31
Q

How does the size affect the rate of diffusion

A

Organism larger SA/V gets smaller therefore diffusion takes longer

32
Q

Define SA/V

A

The amount of surface area per unit of volume

33
Q

When is a large SA/V good

A
  • gets rid of waste products quicker eg CO2

- lose heat easily (for hot climates)

34
Q

When is a small SA/V ratio good

A

Diffusion of useful molecules (eg O2) occurs quicker

35
Q

How can an organism increase its SA/V

A

Decrease its volume/increase surface area

36
Q

Define osmosis

A

The movement if water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration across selectively permeable membranes

37
Q

What happens when a plant cell is inside a solution with a very high sugar concentration

A

Water leaves the cell via osmosis therefore the cytoplasm and vacuole shrink and the cell becomes ‘plasmolysed’

38
Q

What happens when an animal cell is put inside a solution with a very high sugar concentration

A

Water leaves the cell via osmosis therefore the cell shrinks and becomes flaccid

39
Q

What happens when a plant cell is put inside a solution with a very low sugar concentration

A

Water enters the cell via osmosis therefore the cell swells and might burst

40
Q

What happens when an animal cell is put in inside a solution with a very low sugar concentration

A

Water enters the cell via osmosis therefore the cell swells and might burst

41
Q

Osmosis summary:
High solute outside
Same solute outside
Low solute outside

A

Shrivelled
Normal
Burst (lysed)

42
Q

Isotonic

A

Same concentration in osmosis

ie flaccid

43
Q

Hypotonic

A

Lower solute concentration outside the cell (high water concentration outside the cell)
ie turgid

44
Q

Hypertonic

A

Higher solute concentration outside the cell ( lower water concentration outside the cell)
ie plasmolyzed

45
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The movement of a molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration with the help of a protein channel or carrier (glucose, amino acids, ions)

46
Q

Passive transport

A

The movement of molecules through cell membranes without the use of energy by the cell (diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis)

47
Q

Active transport across membranes

A

The movement of molecules through cell membranes against a concentration gradient at the cost of energy and with the help of a carrier protein (the energy for active transport comes from respiration and is stored in the form of ATP)

48
Q

Carrier protein

A

Proteins that are involved in the transportation of ions, molecules or macromolecules across a cell membrane

49
Q

Channel protein

A

Line water filled pores in the membrane so that water soluble molecules can easily pass through

50
Q

Label an animal cell

A

Bxnd

51
Q

Label a plant cell

A

Dhdj

Biology (21 decks)

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