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Biology > Plant Nutrition > Flashcards

Plant Nutrition Flashcards

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0
Q

During photosynthesis … Energy is absorbed by a pigment called … Which can he found in the … Of plant cells. The light energy is then used to convert … From the air and … From the soil into a simple sugar called … As a by-product of photosynthesis … Is made

A 
Light
Chlorophyll
Chloroplast
Carbon dioxide
Water
Glucose
Oxygen
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1
Q

What does chlorophyll contain

A

Magnesium therefore needs magnesium to be made

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2
Q

What does a chloroplast cell contain

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Green bit is the thylakoid
Bade of inside is stroma

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3
Q

How to test for glucose (starch)

A

No photosynthesis= no glucose/starch
Add iodine = brown

Photosynthesis = glucose/starch
Add iodine = blue/black

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4
Q

The glucose made by photosynthesis is stored in plants in form of … The production of … can be tested using … solution, which turns from … to …

A 
Starch
Starch
Iodine
Brown
Blue/black
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5
Q

Practical test to identify glucose in a leaf

A 
Remove leaf from plant
Boil for 30 sec
Boil in ethanol to remove colour
Wash with cold water
Add iodine solution
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6
Q

How to demonstrate that carbon dioxide is needed in experiment with bell jar

A

Air passed through the bell jar with CO2 –> leaf goes blue/black in iodine solution
Air reaches plant without CO2 as soda lime sits at top –> leaf goes orange/brown in iodine solution

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7
Q

What happens if you cover up part of a leaf with dark paper and no light can get to it

A

The black paper will absorb the light and when removed that part of the leaf will be yellow
All the starch in that region has been used up so none is left to react with iodine
Proved light is needed for photosynthesis to store starch

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8
Q

How to demonstrate that chlorophyll is needed

A

Green part of leaf turns orange with iodine
White area of leaf turns black with iodine
Shows chlorophyll is needed to allow photosynthesis as no chlorophyll in the white part of the leaf but there is in the green part when tested with iodine as it can be seen there is no starch production in the white part of the leaf

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9
Q

How to demonstrate that oxygen is produced in a plant

A

But leaf under water
Collect bubbles with test tube through inverted filter
Put a glowing splint in the gas and will relight if oxygen present

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11
Q

What are the functions of leaves

A
  • Large SA with many chloroplasts to absorb sunlight
  • carry out photosynthesis
  • import raw materials for photosynthesis
  • export glucose made in photosynthesis to parts of the plant that need it
  • get ride of waste products
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12
Q

define tropism

A

the growth response of a plant to a directional stimulus

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13
Q

4 types of tropism

A

phototropism (light)
geotropism (gravity)
hydrotropism (water)
thigmotropism (touch)

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14
Q

Response of roots and shoots: phototropism

A
  • shoots grow towards light source (positive phototropism)

- roots of most species show no response but some grow away from light (negative phototropism)

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15
Q

Response of roots and shoots: geotropism

A
  • shoots grow away from direction of gravity (negative geotropism)
  • roots grow towards direction of gravity (positive geotropism)
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16
Q

Response of roots and shoots: hydrotropism

A
  • shoots do not respond

- some roots grow towards direction of water (positive hydrotropism)

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17
Q

Response of roots and shoots: thigmotropism

A
  • some shoots grow towards and bend around support (positive thigmotropism)
  • roots grow away from object (negative thigmotropism)
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18
Q

what is auxin and what is its role in a plant

A

hormone (plant growth substance) that is responsible for tropism , auxin is broken down by unidirectional light

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19
Q

what is the phloem

A

in the leaf vein, responsible for carrying sugar around the plant to where glucose used or starch stored

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20
Q

what is the xylem

A

in the leaf vein, made of dead cells, rigid vessels in lignin, carry water and minerals root to stem and leaves

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21
Q

what are palisade cells

A

tightly packed elongated cells, lots of chloroplasts, high rate of photosynthesis, vertically packed for maximum sunlight

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22
Q

what are air spaces in leaves

A

between spongey cells, provide air channels through leaf allowing gas exchange

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23
Q

what is a stoma

A

space between guard cells, control gas exchange (movement of CO2 + O2), controls water loss from leaf

24
Q

what are guard cells

A

change shape depending on amount of water inside, control opening and closing of stomata

25
Q

what is the waxy cuticle

A

waterproof, reduces water loss, reduces infection by fungi and bacteria

26
Q

what is the upper epidermis

A

protection, no chloroplasts, absorbs harmful light but allows light for photosynthesis to pass through

27
Q

what is the lower epidermis

A

no chloroplasts, lots of stomata, similar to upper epidermis

28
Q

Use and deficiency of mineral: nitrogen

A
  • making amino acids, proteins, chlorophyll, DNA and many other compounds
  • stunted growth of plants, older leaves turn yellow
29
Q

Use and deficiency of mineral: phosphorus

A
  • making DNA and many other compounds; part of cell membranes
  • poor root growth; younger leaves turn purple
30
Q

Use and deficiency of mineral: potassium

A
  • needed for enzymes of respiration and photosynthesis to work
  • leaves turn yellow with dead spots
31
Q

Use and deficiency of mineral: magnesium

A
  • part of chlorophyll molecule

- leaves turn yellow

32
Q

Improve Crop Yield: soil ions

A
  • adding organic/inorganic fertilisers to soil

- extra minerals increase growth rate

33
Q

Improve Crop Yield: soil structure

A
  • ploughing field to break up compact soil; adding manure to improve drainage and aeration of heavy clay soils
  • allows better uptake of minerals and water
34
Q

Improve Crop Yield: soil PH

A
  • adding lime to acidic soil

- low PH can reduce uptake of minerals

35
Q

Improve Crop Yield: water

A
  • add water

- required for photosynthesis

36
Q

Improve Crop Yield: carbon dioxide

A
  • in greenhouse

- required for photosynthesis

37
Q

Improve Crop Yield: heat

A
  • in greenhouse (burning fuels)

- required for photosynthesis

38
Q

Improve Crop Yield: light

A
  • in greenhouse (burning fuels)

- required for photosynthesis

39
Q

how may the rate of photosynthesis be limited

A

light (plateaus after a while on a graph)
heat (37 degrees enzymes denature after that or too low a temperature)
water concentration (plateaus after a while on a graph)
carbon dioxide concentration (plateaus after a while on a graph)

40
Q

Respiration equation

A

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

41
Q

Photosynthesis equation

A

carbon dioxide + water –light/chlorophyll–> glucose + oxygen
6CO2 + 6H2O –> C6H12O6 + 6O2

42
Q

the main limiting factors need to all work at the same time why

A

because even if two are at their best the plant will still struggle to grow with a lack of one important factor i.e. light

43
Q

how does water pass from roots to xylem

A
  • contents of a cell are dilute (high water potential)
  • so water moves to the next cell via osmosis , diluting its contents which now have a high water potential than the cell in front of it
  • in turn, water moves by osmosis to this next cell then to the next and onto the next ones, down a water potential gradient
44
Q

what type of cells cover the regions behind the growing ups of the roots

A

root hair cells –> increase SA and main sites of water absorption

45
Q

each root hair cell of a plant is a … specialised cell of the root .. the long thin outer projection of the root hair cell .. between the soil particles, reaching the soil water. the water in the soil has some … dissolved in it, such as mineral ions, but their concentrations are much … than the concentrations of solutes inside the root hair cell.

A

single
epidermis
solutes
lower

46
Q

Factor effecting transpiration: light intensity

A

increased
more PS
stomata open

47
Q

Factor effecting transpiration: temperature

A

increased

evaporation increases

48
Q

Factor effecting transpiration: humidity

A

decreased

concentration gradient lower –> more water in the air

49
Q

Factor effecting transpiration: wind speed

A

increased

faster air movement removing water vapour

50
Q

transpiration + its stream

A

the loss of water from leaves at a continuous flow being pulled up through the xylem in the stem and roots

51
Q

how does the waxy cuticle prevent water loss

A

prevents evaporation from leaf because its waterproof

52
Q

how do the stomata prevent water loss

A

they can close, and are at the bottom of the leaf to stop loads of evaporation and transpiration

53
Q

how does wilting of a leaf prevent water loss

A

reduces transpiration, hides from the sun, fall on top of each other to stop air getting the water

54
Q

what happens if a plant has lots of water

A

will lose more water, guard cells turgid, stomata open up

55
Q

what happens if a plant ha spittle water

A

guard cells have less water (flaccid), stomata close up

56
Q

how to measure transpiration in an experiment

A
  • photometer
  • cut end of the plant under the water line
  • over time see how long the bubble moves by measuring the distance
  • could change light intensity or temperature to see the differences
  • keep certain factors constant
  • same plant each time
  • reset the water in apparatus each time
  • repeat experiments

Biology (21 decks)

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