Enzymes And Digestion Flashcards
Substrate (reactant) plus an enzyme equals
Products
Define enzymes
Proteins that catalyse/speed up biochemical reactions
Aka biological catalysts
When two products are the result of reaction with an enzyme this is called
Catabolic reactions
(Break down)
Enzymes catalyse for this to occur
When a product is the result of reaction with an enzyme this is called
Anabolic reaction
(Build up)
Enzymes catalyse for this reaction to occur
Part of the folded protein forms the … Where the substrate will attach, the amino acid chain … In a specific way to give the protein its shape
Active site
Folds
Proteins are made up of
Chains of amino acids
The order of the bases in DNA determines the … Of amino acids in a protein ( … Code for 1 amino acid)
Order
3 bases
Activation energy
Energy needed to start a chemical reaction
Substrate
The substance acted upon by an enzyme to connect to the active site
Active site
The area specifically shaped to fit the substrate (attached by enzymes)
Lock and key
The shape of the active site is complementary to the substrate
How enzymes work:
Substrate chemically … To the active site
Enzyme combined with substrate is called …
After reaction occurs (catabolic biochemical) they are released from active site as their shape becomes slightly … To the active site
Enzyme however is not …
Binds
Enzyme substrate complex
Different
Used up or changed
How enzymes speed up reactions:
Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions up to …
Enzymes work by lowering the …
10(pw6) x
Activation energy
Highest/optimum rate of reaction level for enzymes to work at is
37 degrees
Enzyme … React well if below 37 but if above it …
Cannot
Denature
Ileum adapted to … digested food
Absorb
Lining of the ileum has a … To make absorption … And … Into the blood
Very large surface area
Quick
Efficient
Length of intestine + folds in lining + villi =
Larger SA
Villi have minute projections called … To increase … For absorption
Microvilli
SA
Each villus contains … And … Which absorb products of digestion
Blood vessels and lacteal
Blood vessels from the ileum join up to … To liver
Nepatic portal vein
Soluble food molecules absorbed from … Into … Which are used to build new parts of cells
This is aka ..
Blood
Cells and tissues
Assimilation
Enzymes and making beer
- barley seeds are germinated
- amylase is produced
- amylase breaks starch into maltose
- malt goes to sugar
- used as an Esource by yeast
Function of: gall bladder
Site if bile salt storage
Function of: stomach
Storage and digestion of food
Function of: tongue
Mixes food with saliva
Function of: pancreas
Secretes insulin, glucagon and digestive enzymes
Function of: duodenum
Further digestion and some absorption of nutrients
Function of: mouth
Starting point of food entering the digestive system
Function of: liver
Site of bile salt production
Function of: colon
Absorption of water, salts and vitamins
Define peristalsis
Wave like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract
Step 1: mouth
Starch –> maltose
Amylase (carbohydrase) Specific enzyme (broad group of enzymes Amylase made in salivary glands
Step 2: stomach
Protein –> peptides + amino acids
Peptise is more than 1 amino acid put together
Pepsin (protease)
Made in stomach
Step 3a: duodenum (small intestine)
Starch –> maltose –> glucose
New Amylase (carbohydrase)
Made in pancreas
Maltase (carbohydrase)
Made in wall of duodenum
Step 3b: duodenum (small intestine)
Protein –> peptides –> amino acids
Trypsin (protease)
Made in pancreas
Peptidase (protease)
Made in wall of duodenum
Step 3c: duodenum (small intestine)
Lipids –> glycerol + fatty acids
Lipase
Made in pancreas
Bile salts decrease ph of acid and food from stomach travelling to the duodenum and make into alkali in small intestine
From ~2/3 in stomach to ~7/8 in small intestine
Fat molecules tend to stay together in large … Of fat. There may be hundreds of … Of fat in a single droplet. In order to … Fats into our blood, they must be … Into fatty acids and … The enzyme … Controls the … Of fats.
Globules Molecules Absorb Converted Glycerol Lipase Digestion
Lipase cannot access the fat molecules very easily because they are inside the fat … If the droplet was smaller, it would have a larger … And lipase would be able to access more fat …
Globule
Surface area
Molecules
Bile … Large fat droplets to give rise to small fat droplets. This is called … Now lipase is able to digest more fat molecules and the rate of digestion is greatly …
Emulsifies
Small
Emulsification
Increased
In the ileum there are structures called … Which are …mm tall and … Cell thick the villi also have microvilli on them to increase … By 20x
Villi
1
1
Surface area
The lacteal in a villus absorbs … And the capillaries in the villus absorbs … And …
Lipids and fats
Glucose and amino acids
Villus SA is
Very large
Due to villi and microvilli
Concentration gradient of a villus
Higher concentration of molecules outside the villus as blood in villus keeps flowing as molecules move into the villus
Diffusion distance in a villus
1 cell thick as allows glucose and amino acids to be absorbed into the blood
Protease with baby food
Pre-digestion of food
Protease and lipase with washing powder
Digestion of food removal and food stains
Lactase in lactose free milk
Break down of lactose
Advantages of using enzymes in industry
Lower temp and pressure = cheaper
Can be reused
Can be produced by microorganisms in large quantities
Disadvantages of using enzymes in industry
Expensive to produce enzymes
Sensitive to temperature and pH
Bile help in digestion
Increase SA of lipids therefore easier breakdown
Emulsification if lipids (large globules of fat)
Neutralises acid as it is alkaline
Using enzymes for washing powder
- bacteria genetically engineered to produce enzymes
- proteases digest protein (blood stains)
- large insoluble molecules digested into smaller soluble ones
The digestive system
Learn how to label
Order of digestive system
Mouth (teeth) Tongue Salivary gland Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Ileum Colon Rectum Anus ;)
Function of: oesophagus
Transport of food to stomach by peristalsis
Function of: teeth
Mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth
Function of: ileum
Final digestion and main absorption of nutrients
Function of: anus
Defecation
