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Biology > Enzymes And Digestion > Flashcards

Enzymes And Digestion Flashcards

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0
Q

Substrate (reactant) plus an enzyme equals

A

Products

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1
Q

Define enzymes

A

Proteins that catalyse/speed up biochemical reactions

Aka biological catalysts

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2
Q

When two products are the result of reaction with an enzyme this is called

A

Catabolic reactions
(Break down)
Enzymes catalyse for this to occur

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3
Q

When a product is the result of reaction with an enzyme this is called

A

Anabolic reaction
(Build up)
Enzymes catalyse for this reaction to occur

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4
Q

Part of the folded protein forms the … Where the substrate will attach, the amino acid chain … In a specific way to give the protein its shape

A

Active site

Folds

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5
Q

Proteins are made up of

A

Chains of amino acids

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6
Q

The order of the bases in DNA determines the … Of amino acids in a protein ( … Code for 1 amino acid)

A

Order

3 bases

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7
Q

Activation energy

A

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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8
Q

Substrate

A

The substance acted upon by an enzyme to connect to the active site

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9
Q

Active site

A

The area specifically shaped to fit the substrate (attached by enzymes)

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10
Q

Lock and key

A

The shape of the active site is complementary to the substrate

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11
Q

How enzymes work:
Substrate chemically … To the active site
Enzyme combined with substrate is called …
After reaction occurs (catabolic biochemical) they are released from active site as their shape becomes slightly … To the active site
Enzyme however is not …

A

Binds
Enzyme substrate complex
Different
Used up or changed

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12
Q

How enzymes speed up reactions:
Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions up to …
Enzymes work by lowering the …

A

10(pw6) x

Activation energy

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13
Q

Highest/optimum rate of reaction level for enzymes to work at is

A

37 degrees

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14
Q

Enzyme … React well if below 37 but if above it …

A

Cannot

Denature

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15
Q

Ileum adapted to … digested food

A

Absorb

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16
Q

Lining of the ileum has a … To make absorption … And … Into the blood

A

Very large surface area
Quick
Efficient

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17
Q

Length of intestine + folds in lining + villi =

A

Larger SA

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18
Q

Villi have minute projections called … To increase … For absorption

A

Microvilli

SA

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19
Q

Each villus contains … And … Which absorb products of digestion

A

Blood vessels and lacteal

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20
Q

Blood vessels from the ileum join up to … To liver

A

Nepatic portal vein

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21
Q

Soluble food molecules absorbed from … Into … Which are used to build new parts of cells
This is aka ..

A

Blood
Cells and tissues
Assimilation

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29
Q

Enzymes and making beer

A
  • barley seeds are germinated
  • amylase is produced
  • amylase breaks starch into maltose
  • malt goes to sugar
  • used as an Esource by yeast
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30
Q

Function of: gall bladder

A

Site if bile salt storage

31
Q

Function of: stomach

A

Storage and digestion of food

32
Q

Function of: tongue

A

Mixes food with saliva

33
Q

Function of: pancreas

A

Secretes insulin, glucagon and digestive enzymes

34
Q

Function of: duodenum

A

Further digestion and some absorption of nutrients

35
Q

Function of: mouth

A

Starting point of food entering the digestive system

36
Q

Function of: liver

A

Site of bile salt production

37
Q

Function of: colon

A

Absorption of water, salts and vitamins

38
Q

Define peristalsis

A

Wave like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

39
Q

Step 1: mouth

Starch –> maltose

A 
Amylase (carbohydrase) 
Specific enzyme (broad group of enzymes 
Amylase made in salivary glands
40
Q

Step 2: stomach
Protein –> peptides + amino acids
Peptise is more than 1 amino acid put together

A

Pepsin (protease)

Made in stomach

41
Q

Step 3a: duodenum (small intestine)

Starch –> maltose –> glucose

A

New Amylase (carbohydrase)
Made in pancreas
Maltase (carbohydrase)
Made in wall of duodenum

42
Q

Step 3b: duodenum (small intestine)

Protein –> peptides –> amino acids

A

Trypsin (protease)
Made in pancreas
Peptidase (protease)
Made in wall of duodenum

43
Q

Step 3c: duodenum (small intestine)

Lipids –> glycerol + fatty acids

A

Lipase

Made in pancreas

44
Q

Bile salts decrease ph of acid and food from stomach travelling to the duodenum and make into alkali in small intestine

A

From ~2/3 in stomach to ~7/8 in small intestine

45
Q

Fat molecules tend to stay together in large … Of fat. There may be hundreds of … Of fat in a single droplet. In order to … Fats into our blood, they must be … Into fatty acids and … The enzyme … Controls the … Of fats.

A 
Globules
Molecules
Absorb
Converted
Glycerol
Lipase
Digestion
46
Q

Lipase cannot access the fat molecules very easily because they are inside the fat … If the droplet was smaller, it would have a larger … And lipase would be able to access more fat …

A

Globule
Surface area
Molecules

47
Q

Bile … Large fat droplets to give rise to small fat droplets. This is called … Now lipase is able to digest more fat molecules and the rate of digestion is greatly …

A

Emulsifies
Small
Emulsification
Increased

48
Q

In the ileum there are structures called … Which are …mm tall and … Cell thick the villi also have microvilli on them to increase … By 20x

A

Villi
1
1
Surface area

49
Q

The lacteal in a villus absorbs … And the capillaries in the villus absorbs … And …

A

Lipids and fats

Glucose and amino acids

50
Q

Villus SA is

A

Very large

Due to villi and microvilli

51
Q

Concentration gradient of a villus

A

Higher concentration of molecules outside the villus as blood in villus keeps flowing as molecules move into the villus

52
Q

Diffusion distance in a villus

A

1 cell thick as allows glucose and amino acids to be absorbed into the blood

53
Q

Protease with baby food

A

Pre-digestion of food

54
Q

Protease and lipase with washing powder

A

Digestion of food removal and food stains

55
Q

Lactase in lactose free milk

A

Break down of lactose

56
Q

Advantages of using enzymes in industry

A

Lower temp and pressure = cheaper
Can be reused
Can be produced by microorganisms in large quantities

57
Q

Disadvantages of using enzymes in industry

A

Expensive to produce enzymes

Sensitive to temperature and pH

58
Q

Bile help in digestion

A

Increase SA of lipids therefore easier breakdown
Emulsification if lipids (large globules of fat)
Neutralises acid as it is alkaline

59
Q

Using enzymes for washing powder

A
  • bacteria genetically engineered to produce enzymes
  • proteases digest protein (blood stains)
  • large insoluble molecules digested into smaller soluble ones
60
Q

The digestive system

A

Learn how to label

61
Q

Order of digestive system

A 
Mouth (teeth) 
Tongue
Salivary gland
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
Ileum
Colon
Rectum
Anus ;)
62
Q

Function of: oesophagus

A

Transport of food to stomach by peristalsis

63
Q

Function of: teeth

A

Mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth

64
Q

Function of: ileum

A

Final digestion and main absorption of nutrients

65
Q

Function of: anus

A

Defecation

Biology (21 decks)

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