Enzymes And Digestion Flashcards by Olivia Matheson

Substrate (reactant) plus an enzyme equals

Products

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Define enzymes

Proteins that catalyse/speed up biochemical reactions

Aka biological catalysts

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When two products are the result of reaction with an enzyme this is called

Catabolic reactions
(Break down)
Enzymes catalyse for this to occur

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When a product is the result of reaction with an enzyme this is called

Anabolic reaction
(Build up)
Enzymes catalyse for this reaction to occur

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Part of the folded protein forms the … Where the substrate will attach, the amino acid chain … In a specific way to give the protein its shape

Active site

Folds

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Proteins are made up of

Chains of amino acids

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The order of the bases in DNA determines the … Of amino acids in a protein ( … Code for 1 amino acid)

Order

3 bases

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Activation energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

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Substrate

The substance acted upon by an enzyme to connect to the active site

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Active site

The area specifically shaped to fit the substrate (attached by enzymes)

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Lock and key

The shape of the active site is complementary to the substrate

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How enzymes work:
Substrate chemically … To the active site
Enzyme combined with substrate is called …
After reaction occurs (catabolic biochemical) they are released from active site as their shape becomes slightly … To the active site
Enzyme however is not …

Binds
Enzyme substrate complex
Different
Used up or changed

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How enzymes speed up reactions:
Enzymes speed up biochemical reactions up to …
Enzymes work by lowering the …

10(pw6) x

Activation energy

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Highest/optimum rate of reaction level for enzymes to work at is

37 degrees

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Enzyme … React well if below 37 but if above it …

Cannot

Denature

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Ileum adapted to … digested food

Absorb

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Lining of the ileum has a … To make absorption … And … Into the blood

Very large surface area
Quick
Efficient

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Length of intestine + folds in lining + villi =

Larger SA

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Villi have minute projections called … To increase … For absorption

Microvilli

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Each villus contains … And … Which absorb products of digestion

Blood vessels and lacteal

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Blood vessels from the ileum join up to … To liver

Nepatic portal vein

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Soluble food molecules absorbed from … Into … Which are used to build new parts of cells
This is aka ..

Blood
Cells and tissues
Assimilation

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Enzymes and making beer

barley seeds are germinated
amylase is produced
amylase breaks starch into maltose
malt goes to sugar
used as an Esource by yeast

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Function of: gall bladder

Site if bile salt storage

Function of: stomach

Storage and digestion of food

Function of: tongue

Mixes food with saliva

Function of: pancreas

Secretes insulin, glucagon and digestive enzymes

Function of: duodenum

Further digestion and some absorption of nutrients

Function of: mouth

Starting point of food entering the digestive system

Function of: liver

Site of bile salt production

Function of: colon

Absorption of water, salts and vitamins

Define peristalsis

Wave like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract

Step 1: mouth | Starch --> maltose

``` Amylase (carbohydrase) Specific enzyme (broad group of enzymes Amylase made in salivary glands ```

Step 2: stomach Protein --> peptides + amino acids Peptise is more than 1 amino acid put together

Pepsin (protease) | Made in stomach

Step 3a: duodenum (small intestine) | Starch --> maltose --> glucose

New Amylase (carbohydrase) Made in pancreas Maltase (carbohydrase) Made in wall of duodenum

Step 3b: duodenum (small intestine) | Protein --> peptides --> amino acids

Trypsin (protease) Made in pancreas Peptidase (protease) Made in wall of duodenum

Step 3c: duodenum (small intestine) | Lipids --> glycerol + fatty acids

Lipase | Made in pancreas

Bile salts decrease ph of acid and food from stomach travelling to the duodenum and make into alkali in small intestine

From ~2/3 in stomach to ~7/8 in small intestine

Fat molecules tend to stay together in large ... Of fat. There may be hundreds of ... Of fat in a single droplet. In order to ... Fats into our blood, they must be ... Into fatty acids and ... The enzyme ... Controls the ... Of fats.

``` Globules Molecules Absorb Converted Glycerol Lipase Digestion ```

Lipase cannot access the fat molecules very easily because they are inside the fat ... If the droplet was smaller, it would have a larger ... And lipase would be able to access more fat ...

Globule Surface area Molecules

Bile ... Large fat droplets to give rise to small fat droplets. This is called ... Now lipase is able to digest more fat molecules and the rate of digestion is greatly ...

Emulsifies Small Emulsification Increased

In the ileum there are structures called ... Which are ...mm tall and ... Cell thick the villi also have microvilli on them to increase ... By 20x

Villi 1 1 Surface area

The lacteal in a villus absorbs ... And the capillaries in the villus absorbs ... And ...

Lipids and fats | Glucose and amino acids

Villus SA is

Very large | Due to villi and microvilli

Concentration gradient of a villus

Higher concentration of molecules outside the villus as blood in villus keeps flowing as molecules move into the villus

Diffusion distance in a villus

1 cell thick as allows glucose and amino acids to be absorbed into the blood

Protease with baby food

Pre-digestion of food

Protease and lipase with washing powder

Digestion of food removal and food stains

Lactase in lactose free milk

Break down of lactose

Advantages of using enzymes in industry

Lower temp and pressure = cheaper Can be reused Can be produced by microorganisms in large quantities

Disadvantages of using enzymes in industry

Expensive to produce enzymes | Sensitive to temperature and pH

Bile help in digestion

Increase SA of lipids therefore easier breakdown Emulsification if lipids (large globules of fat) Neutralises acid as it is alkaline

Using enzymes for washing powder

- bacteria genetically engineered to produce enzymes - proteases digest protein (blood stains) - large insoluble molecules digested into smaller soluble ones

The digestive system

Learn how to label

Order of digestive system

``` Mouth (teeth) Tongue Salivary gland Oesophagus Stomach Duodenum Ileum Colon Rectum Anus ;) ```

Function of: oesophagus

Transport of food to stomach by peristalsis

Function of: teeth

Mechanical breakdown of food in the mouth

Function of: ileum

Final digestion and main absorption of nutrients

Function of: anus

Defecation