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Biology > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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0
Q

Integrator

A

Compares the data from receptor and stored set point data and gives instructions to effector

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1
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of a stable internal environment in the body despite changes in the external environment (e.g. On very hot days and very cold days, our core body temperature remains at 37oC)

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2
Q

Negative feedback

A

Mechanism that counteracts and stops any further response

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3
Q

Set point

A

The ideal/normal value of the variable

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4
Q

Response

A

Corrective change that to brings variable back to set point

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5
Q

Receptor

A

Sensor that detects the change in the variable

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6
Q

Variable

A

Characteristic that is controlled

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7
Q

Effector

A

Brings about a corrective change

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8
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the variable

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9
Q

Egestion

A

Removal of waste material that has not been inside cells (involved in cell reactions) e.g. Fibre in faeces

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10
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste products of cell reactions from the body (e.g. Water, minerals, urea, carbon dioxide)

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11
Q 
EXCRETION
Waste product Where it comes from
•carbon dioxide
•urea
•salt
•water
A
  • waste product of respiration
  • made during breakdown of protein/amino acids in the liver
  • food and drink, cell metabolism
  • food and drink, cell metabolism
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12
Q

Excretion

Mouth exhalation

A

CO2

Water

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13
Q

Excretion

Skin sweat

A

Urea
Mineral ions/salt
Water

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14
Q

Excretion

Kidneys urine

A

Urea
Mineral ions/salt
Water

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15
Q

Why is osmoregulation so important? (Water homeostasis)

A
  • constant so our cells don’t change size

- maintains osmotic pressure

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16
Q

Osmoregulation

A

water filtered

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17
Q

Water concentration in the blood is too high

A

Stimulus (high water concentration) > receptor/sensor (receptors in hypothalamus) > integrator (hypothalamus: no ADH secretion) > effector (water is not absorbed into blood in kidneys) > response ( water concentration in blood decreases; more urine produced

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18
Q

Water concentration in the blood is too low

A

Stimulus (low water concentration in blood) > receptors/sensor (receptors in hypothalamus) > integrator (hypothalamus ADH secretion, feeling of thirst) > effector (water is reabsorbed into blood into kidneys) > effector (drinking) > response (water concentration in blood increases, less urine produced)

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19
Q

Carbon dioxide concentration in the blood is too low/high

A

Stimulus (co2 concentration in blood is low/high) > receptor (receptors in respiratory control centre of CNS in medulla sense low/high CO2 concentration) > integrator (respiratory control centre of CNS does not send/sends nervous impulses to diaphragm and intercostal muscles) > effector (diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax/contract) > response (breathing rate drops therefore CO2 levels increase/breathing rate increases therefore CO2 levels drop)

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20
Q

Define thermoregulation

A

The ability of the body to keep its temperature close to 37 degrees. Important as enzymes work at optimum at this temp.

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21
Q

Hyperthermia

A

What happens when the body temp increases significantly above 37oC

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22
Q

Hypothermia

A

What happens when the body temp decreases significantly below 37oC

23
Q

Thermoregulation; name the stimulus etc.

A

Stimulus (body temp too hot/cold) > receptor/sensor (sensors in skin measure temp, sensors in brain measure core body temp by measuring temp of blood running through hypothalamus) > integrator (thermoregulatory centre in the hypothalamus) > effector (skin eg. Sweat glands, muscles shiver) > response ( temp returns to set point of 37oC)

24
Q

Thermoregulation when its too hot

A
  • hairs lie flat so more heat is lost by radiation
  • arterioles in skin wider (vasodilation) they allow more blood to flow through capillaries in skin surface, more heat lost by radiation
  • sweat gland open, when sweat evaporates it cools you down
25
Q

Thermoregulation when its too cold

A
  • the hair erector muscles contract pulling the hair upright. This traps air which is a poor conductor of heat and so less heat is lost
  • arterioles in skin surface narrow (vasoconstricton) less blood flows into the capillaries on the skin surface, so less heat is lost by radiation
  • sweat glands close and less sweat is produced
  • shivering
  • general increase in metabolic rate
26
Q

Hyperglycemia - too much glucose in the blood

A
  • osmosis occurs
  • water diffuses out of cells into blood
  • water is excreted into urine
  • dehydration > coma + death
27
Q

Hypoglycemia - too little glucose in blood

A
  • not enough glucose for respiration
  • inadequate energy supply for brain cells
  • coma + death
28
Q

Eating a meal makes blood glucose levels … Because carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and … Into the blood.

A

Rise

Absorbed

29
Q

Doing a lot of exercise make blood glucose levels … Because glucose is broken down in the … In … In order to release …

A

Drop
Muscles
Respiration
Energy

30
Q

Too much sugar in the blood is dangerous because it … The solute concentration of the blood, so that too much water is lost from cells.

A

Increases

31
Q

Too little glucose is dangerous because the body needs it for …

A

Respiration

32
Q

Blood glucose levels are monitored by … In the …

A

Receptors

Pancreas

33
Q

When glucose levels rise or fall below the … (Which is about … In humans) groups of cells in the pancreas called the … Secrete hormones into the blood.

A

Norm
80-100mg/dl
Islets of langerhans

34
Q

When blood glucose levels are too high … Is secreted

A

Insulin

35
Q

This travels all over the body vis the … And encourages cells to take up glucose and use it in …

A

Bloodstream

Respiration

36
Q

It also signals to the … And … Cells to take up glucose and convert it into and insoluble … Called … For storage. This then causes the blood sugar levels to … And return to normal.

A 
Liver
Muscle
Polysaccharide
Glycogen
Drop
37
Q

When blood sugar levels get too low the pancreas stops secreting insulin and instead secretes the hormone … In response the liver breaks down glycogen into … Which is released back into the … Thus raising blood glucose levels

A

Glycagon
Glucose
Bloodstream

38
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A
  • Juvenile onset
  • insulin injections
  • where pancreas doesn’t secrete insulin into the blood
39
Q

Type 2 diabetes

A
  • adult onset
  • regulation of diet and exercise
  • where insulin doesn’t bind
40
Q

Diabetes

A
  • disorder characterised by high levels of glucose in blood

- symptoms include glucose in urine, excessive urine production, dehydration, thirst

41
Q

Automated control systems

A

Variable (eg temperature)

Stimulus
Receptor/sensor
Integrator(control centre)  set point
Effector
Response
Negative feedback to receptor to stop
42
Q

Why do peoples skin look pale in cold weather

A

Arterioles in the skin surface narrow (vasoconstrict) and less blood flows into the capillaries on the skin surface

43
Q

Why do whales have layers of adipose tissue whereas polar bears have thick fur

A

So they are more streamline and hair works much less effectively underwater because it cant trap air

44
Q

Why does a mouse eat more than three times its body mass in food per day, whereas an elephant eats only a fraction of its body mass

A

Large SA/V ratio and so will lose heat more rapidly

45
Q

Why when people exercise go bright red in the face

A

Arterioles in skin surface widen (vasodilate) more blood flows into the capillaries on the skin surface

46
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A
  • high glucose in blood
  • glucose in urine
  • excessive urine production
  • dehydration + thirst
47
Q

Diabetes diagnosis

A
  • glucose in blood

- glucose in urine

48
Q

Describe the steps of what happens when you eat a bar of chocolate

A
  • chocolate is digested
  • glucose absorbed into bloodstream
  • levels of glucose in blood are too high (stimulus)
  • pancreas detects high levels of blood glucose (receptor)
  • pancreas secrets insulin into blood (integrator)
  • insulin carried in blood stream
  • insulin binds to receptors on liver and muscle cells (effector)
  • liver and muscle cells take up glucose (response)
  • glucose is converted into glycogen for storage (response)
  • blood glucose levels drop (response)
  • negative feedback to receptor
49
Q

Describe what happens if you run to school

A
  • rate of respiration increases
  • glucose taken out of the blood stream
  • levels of glucose in blood are low (stimulus)
  • pancreas detects low levels of glucose in blood (receptor)
  • pancreas secrets glucagon into blood (integrator)
  • glucagon carried in blood stream
  • glucagon binds to receptors on liver and muscle cells (effector)
  • glycogen is converted into glucose (response)
  • muscle cells use glucose for respiration or release it into blood stream (response)
  • liver cells release glucose (response)
  • blood glucose levels rise
  • negative feedback to receptor
50
Q

Glycogen

A

Storage carbohydrate

51
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone

52
Q

Glucose

A

Simple sugar as energy source

53
Q

Normal blood glucose levels

A

80-100mg/dl

54
Q

What group of cells in the pancreas secret hormones into the blood to make the glucose level rise/fall

A

Islets of Langerhas

Biology (21 decks)

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