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Immunity + Vaccinations Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define microbes

A

organisms that are microscopic

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2
Q 
Fungi: 
how big are they?
can they be seen under a lit microscope?
how many cells are they made of?
do they have a nucleus?
do they have a cell wall?
how do they reproduce?
what examples are there?
what diseases do they cause?
A 
very large or 5-10 um (biggest out of microbes)
yes
1 or many 
yes
yes (chitin)
spores or cell division
yeast, Mucor, Penicillium
athletes foot, thrush
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3
Q 
Protoctista:
how big are they?
can they be seen under a lit microscope?
how many cells are they made of?
do they have a nucleus?
do they have a cell wall?
how do they reproduce?
what examples are there?
what diseases do they cause?
A 
chlorella 5-10 um/ amoeba 20-200 um 
yes
unicellular
yes
most do not
cell division
amoeba, plasmodium, chlorella
malaria, sleeping sickness
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4
Q 
Bacteria:
how big are they?
can they be seen under a lit microscope?
how many cells are they made of?
do they have a nucleus?
do they have a cell wall?
how do they reproduce?
what examples are there?
what diseases do they cause?
A 
1-5 um
yes although they are so small 
unicellular
no
yes
cell division
E.coli, lactobacillus
pneumonia, TB
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5
Q 
Virus:
how big are they?
can they be seen under a lit microscope?
how many cells are they made of?
do they have a nucleus?
do they have a cell wall?
how do they reproduce?
what examples are there?
what diseases do they cause?
A 
0.01-0.2 um (smallest out of microbes)
no --> only under electron microscope 
no
no
no
in a host cell
flu virus, HIV
cold, influenza, AIDS
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6
Q

how does nose and mouth act as a defence for us

A

coughing/sneezing/nasal hair

physical barrier

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7
Q

how do the eyes act as a defence for us

A

tears contain the enzyme lysozyme which kills bacteria

chemical barrier

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8
Q

how does the stomach act as a defence for us

A

strong hydrochloric acid here kills most bacteria present in food
chemical barrier

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9
Q

how do our longs act as a defence for us

A

lined with ciliated cells and muscles to trap and sweep away microbes
physical barrier

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10
Q

how do females vaginas act as a defence for them

A

acid conditions here will destroy some bacteria

chemical barrier

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11
Q

how does skin act as a defence for us

A

barrier to infection and repairs itself quickly when broken

physical barrier

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12
Q

how does blood act as a defence for us

A

platelet cells in blood will form a blood clot to stop entry of microbes at cuts
immune system

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13
Q

how do lymphocytes (+++) act as a defence for us

A

these cells produce antibodies to destroy the poison of microbes
immune system

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14
Q

how do lymphocytes (YY) act as a defence for us

A

these cells produce antibodies which bind to the microbes

immune system

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15
Q

how do phagocytes act as a defence for us

A

these cells in the blood engulf invading bacteria and digest them using enzymes

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16
Q

when skin is injured, the most important thing is to … the wound quickly, so that … cannot enter and blood … is limited.
… are tiny cells in the blood which help close a wound. when a blood vessel is cut or broken, platelets stick together and activate the formation of a mesh made of a protein called … more platelets and also … cells are trapped in this mesh. this leads to the formation of a … which seals the cut

A 
close
microbes
platelets
fibrin
red blood
scab
17
Q

explain the process of engulfment from the phagocyte

A

phagocytes detect the bacteria and are attracted to them. the phagocyte forms pseudopodia which surrounds the bacteria and leads to its engulfment. the bacteria inside the phagosome fuses with lysosomes and is digested.

18
Q

define an antibody

A

a protein which can bind to an antigen on a microbe and trigger its destruction

19
Q

define a lymphocyte

A

any substance that can stimulate the production of antibodies

20
Q

explain how antibodies are produced

A

when infected, lymphocytes will produce antibodies to defend the body. The antibodies bind to antigens on the bacteria to trigger engulfment by phagocytes.

21
Q

how are antibodies specific

A

different lymphocytes produce different antibodies which recognise different antigens

22
Q

explain why antitoxins are produced

A

antitoxins are produced by lymphocytes to neutralise toxins

23
Q

define a toxin

A

a substance produced by bacteria which can harm cellular function

24
Q

1st infection results and process

A
  • pathogen causes disease
  • lymphocyte activated
  • antibodies are produced
  • antibodies bind to virus which gets destroyed
  • memory cells are made
25
Q

2nd infection results and process

A
  • memory cells are activated and rapidly reproduce
  • lots of antibodies are produced rapidly
  • antibodies bind to pathogen which gets destroyed quickly without causing disease
  • don’t get symptoms of disease
26
Q

immunity following vaccination

A
  • vaccine
  • lymphocytes activated
  • antibody production
  • feeling a bit ill
  • memory cells made
  • catch real infection
  • no illness
  • memory cells quickly reproduce
  • lots of antibodies produced rapidly
27
Q

what are the types of vaccine

A
  • live, but less infectious organism
  • dead organism or parts of it
  • modified toxins of the pathogen
  • all contain antigens that trigger immune response however
28
Q

natural immunity explain

A

active:
exposure to antigen, antibodies and memory cells made
passive:
antibodies received from mum in milk, no memory cells made

29
Q

acquired immunity explain

A

active:
antigen injected, antibodies and memory cells made
passive:
antibodies received in injection, no memory cells made

30
Q

2 reasons why we need booster injection

A
  • vaccine does not reproduce, so dose is lower than antigen, fewer memory cells made, immune response needs to be stimulated again via booster injections
  • if first injection is a dead organism, the booster injection stimulates the immune system if not exposed to the infection often so more memory cells are made this way

Biology (21 decks)

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