The heart, kidney, and circulatory/excretory system Flashcards
2
Q
The surface area of respiratory organs is
A
large
3
Q
Highly folded and branched extensions of the body
A
gills
4
Q
Internal cavities for gas exchange with air
A
lungs
5
Q
Air filled tubes used for respiuration
A
tracheae
6
Q
Hemoglobin is what kind of macromolecule?
A
A protein
7
Q
How many binding sites does hemoglobin have?
A
4
8
Q
Ability of hemoglobin to interact with oxygen depends on
A
the partial pressure of O2
9
Q
At a high PO2, oxygen capacity is at its ______
A
highest
10
Q
At Hb’s highest oxygen capacity, all binding sites ______
A
are filled with O2
11
Q
What is (positive) cooperative binding?
A
One O2 molecule binding affects the other O2 binding sites and increases affinity for O2
12
Q
True/False: Hb does not change structure after every O2 molecule bound
A
False: every attachment DOES change structure
13
Q
Muscle O2 binding molecule is
A
myoglobin
14
Q
How many binding sites does myoglobin have? Cooperative or non?
A
1 non-cooperative
15
Q
Myoglobin is used for
A
high metabolic demands (exercise)
16
Q
Myoglobin releases its O2 when?
A
After Hb O2 has depleted
17
Q
The two chains for adult Hb
A
alpha and beta chains
18
Q
Two chains for fetal Hb
A
alpha and gamma
19
Q
Llama, fetal, adultList those in order of Hb affinity from highest to lowest
A
Llama, fetal, adult
20
Q
What is the Bohr Effect
A
pH of blood decreases so affinity of Hb decreases as well (due to uptake of fatty acids and CO2)
21
Q
How does H+ lower Hb affinity
A
it binds to deoexygenated RBC
22
Q
T/F O2 is released at low pH
A
True (less affinity for oxygen)
23
Q
CO2 is transported as what in the blood
A
bicarbonate ions
24
Q
What enzyme speeds up the conversion of O2 to cabonic acid?
A
carbonic anhydrase
25
Q
Describe the conversion formula of CO2 to bicarbonate
A
H2O + CO2 -> carbonic acid –> bicarbonate and H+
26
How is the conversion of CO2 and bicarbonate different in the lungs?
It is reversed
27
3 factors of Hb affinity
composition, pH, and bisphosphoglyceric acid (BPG)
28
What is BPG?
bisphosphoglyceric acid . it is a metabolite of glycolysis
29
What does BPG do to blood
same effect on Hb as H+, allows more oxygen release
30
What is the output of the excretory system?
Urine
31
What macromolecules do not leave the bloodstream?
proteins
32
True/False: Water can undergo active transport
NO
33
The 3 functions of the excretory system
Filtration, secretion, re-absorption
34
The most common nitrogenous waste is
NH3 ammonia
35
What does the body to to ammonia?
convert it into urea or uric acid
36
term for excreting pure ammonia
ammonotelic
37
Term for excreting urine/uric acid
ureiotlic
38
What produces the urine, what stores it?
Kidney produces it, the bladder stores it
39
Ammonia is secreted to do what to pH
regulate it
40
The renal ___ and renal ____ enter the kidney on the ___ side
atery, veinconcave side
41
Renal pyramids are
the cells that make up the medulla
42
The medulla is the
internal core of the kidney
43
What is the cortex
the outer layer of the medulla
44
Urine is concentrated in the
collecting duct
45
Kidneys also help regulate _____ balance
acid-base balance
46
What is renal failure
loss of kidney function, retention of salts and water, treated with dialysis
47
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
transport nutrients, hormones, metabolic products, gastemperature control
48
3 parts of the circulatory system
pump (heart)conduits (vessels)transport medium (blood)
49
Increased # of heart chambers means
increased separation of blood flow
50
How many chambers does the heart have?
4: 2 atria and 2 ventricle
51
Valves of the heart prevent
backflow
52
The sound of the heart is made from
the opening and closing of valves
53
Blood enters the heart from the ____ and leaves through the \_\_\_
left atrium, right ventricle
54
2 types of circulatory systems
open and closed
55
Describe the open circulatory system
blood enters tissues directly, no capillariesex: insects and mollusks
56
Describe the closed circulatory system
capillaries present and blood never leaves vessels. (ex vertebrates)
57
2 circuits of the closed circulatory system
pulmonarysystemic
58
Pulmonary circuit deals with
the lungs
59
systemic circuit deals with
the whole body besides lungs
60
The right side of the heart deals with circulation to the
lungs (pulmonary)
61
the left side of the heart deals with circulation to the
rest of the body (systemic)
62
Heart contractions start at the ___ then the \_\_\_\_
atria, ventricle
63
Heartbeat is controlled by what 2 components
Sinatrial node and Atrioventricular node(SA and AV nodes)
64
Describe the SA node
the heart pacemaker, it is the master nodeinitiates APs for the atriaslocated on the right atrium
65
APs for heart beats spread through the heart via
gap junctions
66
gap junctions provide what for the heart
coordinated atrial contraction
67
Describe the AV node
stimulated by the SA node with a 0.1 sec delayAPs for the ventricles
68
True/False: The CNS stimulates heartbeat
False
69
Fish have ___ heart chambers. Is there separation of circuits? Reptiles?
2 chambers, no separationreptiles have 3 chambers, circuits partially divided
70
The mid-line of the heart is made of
bundles of his
71
What do bundles of His do?
Carry action potentials
72
What are bundles of His made of?
muscle fibers
73
T/F: Bundles of his do not contract
True
74
T/F: gap junctions lie along the bundles of His
True
75
What are Purkinje fibers?
Fibers that carry our AP's in ventricles (like His) located on edges of heart
76
How long is the delay of the AV node from the SA node?
0.1 sec
77
AP of the heart is governed by permeability of what ion?
Ca+
78
Diastole stage?
Ventricular relaxation
79
Systole Stage?
Ventricular contraction
80
Order of vessels blood goes through starting from the heart
Heart -\> arteries -\> arterioes -\> capillaries -\> venules -\> veins (think alphabetical order)
81
Label each type of vessel with the respective pressure levels inside
Artery - very highArteriole - moderatecapillary - lowvenules - lowveins- very low(pressure decreases as it cycles through)
82
Properties of the artery
elastic fibers (thick elastin protein)smooth musclealways takes blood away from the heart
83
Properties of the arteriole
slightly elasticsmooth musclecontrol blood flow to tissues in response to:systemic conditions & concentrations
84
Capillary properties
thin wallshigh permeabilityhigh SA and volume
85
Waste includes
CO2 and lactate
86
Venule properties
some elastic fibersno smooth muscle
87
Properties of veins
some elasticonly vessels with valves to prevent backflowtakes blood towards the heartthin layer of smooth muscle
88
T/F: skeletal muscle helps veins direct blood flow back to heart
True
89
What percent of blood resides in veins
60%
90
Gravity pulls blood downwards which causes attempt of blood to
backflow
91
Frank-starling law
an increase of heat expansion means contractile cells contract harder
92
T/F: there are gap junctions between atria and ventricles
FALSE
93
What controls distribution to capillary beds?
Arterlioes
94
Capillaries are how thick? Is it permeable?
1 cell layer thinck, permable to everything basically
95
If the pressure difference between osmotic and blood is positive, then there is a net _____ force, if it is negative there is a net ____ force
outward force, inward force
96
If there is a net outward force there is an overall
excretion
97
Net inward force means
overall uptake
98
Constant osmotic pressure is due to
proteins
99
If blood is protein deficient, what happens?
too much transport outblood thins and becomes hard to pumpEdema- swollen tissues
100
Edema
swollen tissues due to lack of proteins in blood
101
What increases O2 pressure do there's no edema? (Hint: exercise)
CO2 (as bicarbonate)
102
What is the purpose of the excretory system?
maintain osmotic balance and remove toxic wastes
103
What is the nephron?
Structural unit of the kidney
104
How many parts does the nephoron have and what are they?
3Renal corpuscleRenal TubuleCollecting Duct
105
List the parts of the Renal Copuscle
Bowman's CapsuleGlomerulus
106
List the parts of the Renal Tublules
Proximal convluted tube (PCT)Loop of HenleDistal Convuluted tube
107
What is the function of the collecting duct?
Collects, processes, secretes urine
108
Describe the Bowmans Capsule
First part of the renal corpusclecontains podocytes
109
What are podocytes
Cells in the Bowmans Capsule that have high SA
110
Describe the Glomerulus
surrounded by the Bowman capsuleknot of permeable capillaries
111
What happens at the renal corpuscle
filtration
112
What happens at the renal tubes
secretion and absorption
113
T/F: water is more oxygenated outside of the blood
FALSE
114
The action potential sent to the kidneys is received in the
PCT
115
The longer the loop of Henle
The more water retention
116
The PCT is mainly made of the
glomerulus
117
Aquaporins are
pores that facilitate passive water transfer
118
Aquaporins are found where in the nephron?
PCTDescending limb of the loopCollecting duct
119
Is the descending limb of the loop thin or thick?
Thin
120
What leaves the descending limb of the loop?
H2O
121
T/F: The descending limb of the loop has mitochondria
FALSE
122
Is the ascending limb of the loop thin or thick?
Thick
123
What leaves the ascending limb of the loop?
NaCl
124
T/F: The ascending limb of the loop has mitochondria?
True
125
The main function of the distal tube is
"fine tuning" of re-absorption/secretion
126
The loop of Henle creates a _______ and creates a ______ concentration gradient in the \_\_\_\_\_
counter-current exchangeNaCl concentration gradientmedula
127
What region of the heart is self-excitatory?
pacemaker
128
2 regulation mechanisms for the kidney
Local and systematic
129
Local control in the kidney takes care of
dilation of afferent arterioles
130
Afferent arterioles are
the vessels that bring blood to the kidney/glomerulus
131
Systemic controls involve
ADH/VasopressinRennin & other hormones
132
Hormones that increase water absorption
ADH and Aldosterone
133
What percent of re-absorption happens at the PCT
98%
134
What does ADH do in the kidney
it increases the number of aquaporins for more water retention
135
\_\_\_\_\_ allows rapid spread of AP in the heart
electrical continuity
136
APs in cardiac cells differ by ___ and \_\_\_\_
kineticsion channels involved
137
Acetylcholine is released to do what to the heart?
slow heart rate (increase permeability of K+; decrease perm of Ca+)
138
Parasympethic nerves do what?
release Ach to decrease pacemaker activity (to slow heart rate)
139
Sympathetic nerves do what?
release hormones (nor) epinephrine to increase heart rate
140
What does nor-epinephrine do for the heart
increases Na and Ca permeability (rises resting potential and APs are closer together)
141
How does the nervous system control the heart rate?
Influences resting potential of the pacemaker cells
142
The core function of the veins is to
STORE blood (walls very expandable)
143
What percent of O2 is conserved in Hb
75%
144
What are the efficient carriers for O2
Red blood cells
145
At a low PO2, the _____ reserves are released
oxygen
146
A high metabolic rate decreases \_\_\_\_, which means greater ____ release
pHO2
147
RBC production is stimulated by
low O2 content in tissues
148
Blood moves fast in what to maintain O2 and CO2 gradients
Capillaries
149
Direction of fluid depends on the balance between ___ and ___ pressure
blood and osmotic
150
Osmotic balance is important to prevent
extreme volume changes
151
PCT is the major site of
absorption
152
PCT regulates pH by
releasing H+ ions and taking in bicarbonate ions
153
T/F: the PCT contains many mitochondria because it performs active transport
True
154
What makes gases more soluble in blood
enzymes and proteins
155
The degree of urea in the collecting duct depends on the
concentration gradient
156
What volume of fluid is reabsorbed in the kidney/nephron by the PCT?
about 98%
157
Mutated disfunctional aquaporin leads to
diabetes insipidus
158
Atrial naturic peptide is an ___ process and is released in ____ BP
inihibitinghigh BP
159
Counter-current exchange creates _____ osmotic gradients
steep
160
Describe the Rennin-Angitensin-Aldosterone (RAA) process
renin released from the kidney -\> activates Angiotensin in blood -\> aldosterone released from adrenal cortex
161
RAA process happens when BP is ___ and there is ____ osmilarity to ____ blood volume
lowhigh osmilarityincrease
162
ADH and aldosterone ___ BP
increase
163
If the process just stops at the activation of angiostensin, ____ is stimulated
thirst
164
Aldosterone stimulate salt \_\_\_\_\_
re-absorption
165
In an EKG chart what do P Q R S and T each stand for?
P= depolarization/contraction of atriaQ,R,S = depolarization of ventriclesT=relaxation/re-polarization of ventricles
166
In the end, blood leaves the kidney through ___ capillaries
peritubular
167
Describe the travel of urine from the kindey to outside
kidney releases urine into the ureter -\> urinary bladder -\> out through urethra
168
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) depends on
the blood supply to the kidney
169
What does the auto-regulatory system do for the kidney
make sure the supply and BP are at good levels
170
Deoxygenated blood flows to where
Gas exchange organs of the body
171
Main physical component of Arteries and arterioles
Elastic fibers
172
What vessel controls distribution to capillary beds
Arterioles
173
What alters diameter/resistance to blood flow?
Precapillary sphicters
174
Identity of molecules in blood depends on
Concentration gradientsPermeability
175
How does the blood-brain barrier relate to capillaries
Lack of pores in membraneOnly lipid soluble
176
What vessels return fluid to major vein to the heart
Lymphatic
177
Functions Renal corpuscle = filtrationRenal tubule= absorptionCollecting duct= urine
0
178
Collecting ducts start at \_\_, pass through \_\_\_, empty into \_\_\_\_
CortexMedullaUreter
179
Glomeruli are located in
The cortex
180
Renal tubes loop through the
Medulla
181
Bottom part of the ascending limb is thin or thick?
Thin
182
Loop of Henle does what to the medula?
Establishes an external concentration gradient
183
Water leaves the collecting duct via \_\_\_\_\_\_
Osmosis
184
When water leaves the CD, what happens to urine
It becomes more concentrated
185
T/F: collecting duct is highly permeable to urea at the bottom
FALSE only slightly permeable
186
CD passes through ____ osmolarity of the medulla, created by the \_\_\_\_
IncreasingLoop of Henle
187
Filtration requires
Adequate blood pressure
188
Angiotensin increases BP by effects on
Vessels and fluid intake
