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College Biology & Ecology > The heart, kidney, and circulatory/excretory system > Flashcards

The heart, kidney, and circulatory/excretory system Flashcards

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2
Q

The surface area of respiratory organs is

A

large

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3
Q

Highly folded and branched extensions of the body

A

gills

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4
Q

Internal cavities for gas exchange with air

A

lungs

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5
Q

Air filled tubes used for respiuration

A

tracheae

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6
Q

Hemoglobin is what kind of macromolecule?

A

A protein

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7
Q

How many binding sites does hemoglobin have?

A

4

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8
Q

Ability of hemoglobin to interact with oxygen depends on

A

the partial pressure of O2

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9
Q

At a high PO2, oxygen capacity is at its ______

A

highest

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10
Q

At Hb’s highest oxygen capacity, all binding sites ______

A

are filled with O2

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11
Q

What is (positive) cooperative binding?

A

One O2 molecule binding affects the other O2 binding sites and increases affinity for O2

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12
Q

True/False: Hb does not change structure after every O2 molecule bound

A

False: every attachment DOES change structure

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13
Q

Muscle O2 binding molecule is

A

myoglobin

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14
Q

How many binding sites does myoglobin have? Cooperative or non?

A

1 non-cooperative

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15
Q

Myoglobin is used for

A

high metabolic demands (exercise)

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16
Q

Myoglobin releases its O2 when?

A

After Hb O2 has depleted

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17
Q

The two chains for adult Hb

A

alpha and beta chains

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18
Q

Two chains for fetal Hb

A

alpha and gamma

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19
Q

Llama, fetal, adultList those in order of Hb affinity from highest to lowest

A

Llama, fetal, adult

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20
Q

What is the Bohr Effect

A

pH of blood decreases so affinity of Hb decreases as well (due to uptake of fatty acids and CO2)

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21
Q

How does H+ lower Hb affinity

A

it binds to deoexygenated RBC

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22
Q

T/F O2 is released at low pH

A

True (less affinity for oxygen)

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23
Q

CO2 is transported as what in the blood

A

bicarbonate ions

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24
Q

What enzyme speeds up the conversion of O2 to cabonic acid?

A

carbonic anhydrase

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25
Q

Describe the conversion formula of CO2 to bicarbonate

A

H2O + CO2 -> carbonic acid –> bicarbonate and H+

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26
Q

How is the conversion of CO2 and bicarbonate different in the lungs?

A

It is reversed

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27
Q

3 factors of Hb affinity

A

composition, pH, and bisphosphoglyceric acid (BPG)

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28
Q

What is BPG?

A

bisphosphoglyceric acid . it is a metabolite of glycolysis

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29
Q

What does BPG do to blood

A

same effect on Hb as H+, allows more oxygen release

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30
Q

What is the output of the excretory system?

A

Urine

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31
Q

What macromolecules do not leave the bloodstream?

A

proteins

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32
Q

True/False: Water can undergo active transport

A

NO

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33
Q

The 3 functions of the excretory system

A

Filtration, secretion, re-absorption

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34
Q

The most common nitrogenous waste is

A

NH3 ammonia

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35
Q

What does the body to to ammonia?

A

convert it into urea or uric acid

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36
Q

term for excreting pure ammonia

A

ammonotelic

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37
Q

Term for excreting urine/uric acid

A

ureiotlic

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38
Q

What produces the urine, what stores it?

A

Kidney produces it, the bladder stores it

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39
Q

Ammonia is secreted to do what to pH

A

regulate it

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40
Q

The renal ___ and renal ____ enter the kidney on the ___ side

A

atery, veinconcave side

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41
Q

Renal pyramids are

A

the cells that make up the medulla

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42
Q

The medulla is the

A

internal core of the kidney

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43
Q

What is the cortex

A

the outer layer of the medulla

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44
Q

Urine is concentrated in the

A

collecting duct

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45
Q

Kidneys also help regulate _____ balance

A

acid-base balance

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46
Q

What is renal failure

A

loss of kidney function, retention of salts and water, treated with dialysis

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47
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

transport nutrients, hormones, metabolic products, gastemperature control

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48
Q

3 parts of the circulatory system

A

pump (heart)conduits (vessels)transport medium (blood)

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49
Q

Increased # of heart chambers means

A

increased separation of blood flow

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50
Q

How many chambers does the heart have?

A

4: 2 atria and 2 ventricle

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51
Q

Valves of the heart prevent

A

backflow

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52
Q

The sound of the heart is made from

A

the opening and closing of valves

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53
Q

Blood enters the heart from the ____ and leaves through the ___

A

left atrium, right ventricle

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54
Q

2 types of circulatory systems

A

open and closed

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55
Q

Describe the open circulatory system

A

blood enters tissues directly, no capillariesex: insects and mollusks

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56
Q

Describe the closed circulatory system

A

capillaries present and blood never leaves vessels. (ex vertebrates)

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57
Q

2 circuits of the closed circulatory system

A

pulmonarysystemic

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58
Q

Pulmonary circuit deals with

A

the lungs

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59
Q

systemic circuit deals with

A

the whole body besides lungs

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60
Q

The right side of the heart deals with circulation to the

A

lungs (pulmonary)

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61
Q

the left side of the heart deals with circulation to the

A

rest of the body (systemic)

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62
Q

Heart contractions start at the ___ then the ____

A

atria, ventricle

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63
Q

Heartbeat is controlled by what 2 components

A

Sinatrial node and Atrioventricular node(SA and AV nodes)

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64
Q

Describe the SA node

A

the heart pacemaker, it is the master nodeinitiates APs for the atriaslocated on the right atrium

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65
Q

APs for heart beats spread through the heart via

A

gap junctions

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66
Q

gap junctions provide what for the heart

A

coordinated atrial contraction

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67
Q

Describe the AV node

A

stimulated by the SA node with a 0.1 sec delayAPs for the ventricles

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68
Q

True/False: The CNS stimulates heartbeat

A

False

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69
Q

Fish have ___ heart chambers. Is there separation of circuits? Reptiles?

A

2 chambers, no separationreptiles have 3 chambers, circuits partially divided

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70
Q

The mid-line of the heart is made of

A

bundles of his

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71
Q

What do bundles of His do?

A

Carry action potentials

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72
Q

What are bundles of His made of?

A

muscle fibers

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73
Q

T/F: Bundles of his do not contract

A

True

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74
Q

T/F: gap junctions lie along the bundles of His

A

True

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75
Q

What are Purkinje fibers?

A

Fibers that carry our AP’s in ventricles (like His) located on edges of heart

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76
Q

How long is the delay of the AV node from the SA node?

A

0.1 sec

77
Q

AP of the heart is governed by permeability of what ion?

A

Ca+

78
Q

Diastole stage?

A

Ventricular relaxation

79
Q

Systole Stage?

A

Ventricular contraction

80
Q

Order of vessels blood goes through starting from the heart

A

Heart -> arteries -> arterioes -> capillaries -> venules -> veins (think alphabetical order)

81
Q

Label each type of vessel with the respective pressure levels inside

A

Artery - very highArteriole - moderatecapillary - lowvenules - lowveins- very low(pressure decreases as it cycles through)

82
Q

Properties of the artery

A

elastic fibers (thick elastin protein)smooth musclealways takes blood away from the heart

83
Q

Properties of the arteriole

A

slightly elasticsmooth musclecontrol blood flow to tissues in response to:systemic conditions & concentrations

84
Q

Capillary properties

A

thin wallshigh permeabilityhigh SA and volume

85
Q

Waste includes

A

CO2 and lactate

86
Q

Venule properties

A

some elastic fibersno smooth muscle

87
Q

Properties of veins

A

some elasticonly vessels with valves to prevent backflowtakes blood towards the heartthin layer of smooth muscle

88
Q

T/F: skeletal muscle helps veins direct blood flow back to heart

A

True

89
Q

What percent of blood resides in veins

A

60%

90
Q

Gravity pulls blood downwards which causes attempt of blood to

A

backflow

91
Q

Frank-starling law

A

an increase of heat expansion means contractile cells contract harder

92
Q

T/F: there are gap junctions between atria and ventricles

A

FALSE

93
Q

What controls distribution to capillary beds?

A

Arterlioes

94
Q

Capillaries are how thick? Is it permeable?

A

1 cell layer thinck, permable to everything basically

95
Q

If the pressure difference between osmotic and blood is positive, then there is a net _____ force, if it is negative there is a net ____ force

A

outward force, inward force

96
Q

If there is a net outward force there is an overall

A

excretion

97
Q

Net inward force means

A

overall uptake

98
Q

Constant osmotic pressure is due to

A

proteins

99
Q

If blood is protein deficient, what happens?

A

too much transport outblood thins and becomes hard to pumpEdema- swollen tissues

100
Q

Edema

A

swollen tissues due to lack of proteins in blood

101
Q

What increases O2 pressure do there’s no edema? (Hint: exercise)

A

CO2 (as bicarbonate)

102
Q

What is the purpose of the excretory system?

A

maintain osmotic balance and remove toxic wastes

103
Q

What is the nephron?

A

Structural unit of the kidney

104
Q

How many parts does the nephoron have and what are they?

A

3Renal corpuscleRenal TubuleCollecting Duct

105
Q

List the parts of the Renal Copuscle

A

Bowman’s CapsuleGlomerulus

106
Q

List the parts of the Renal Tublules

A

Proximal convluted tube (PCT)Loop of HenleDistal Convuluted tube

107
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A

Collects, processes, secretes urine

108
Q

Describe the Bowmans Capsule

A

First part of the renal corpusclecontains podocytes

109
Q

What are podocytes

A

Cells in the Bowmans Capsule that have high SA

110
Q

Describe the Glomerulus

A

surrounded by the Bowman capsuleknot of permeable capillaries

111
Q

What happens at the renal corpuscle

A

filtration

112
Q

What happens at the renal tubes

A

secretion and absorption

113
Q

T/F: water is more oxygenated outside of the blood

A

FALSE

114
Q

The action potential sent to the kidneys is received in the

A

PCT

115
Q

The longer the loop of Henle

A

The more water retention

116
Q

The PCT is mainly made of the

A

glomerulus

117
Q

Aquaporins are

A

pores that facilitate passive water transfer

118
Q

Aquaporins are found where in the nephron?

A

PCTDescending limb of the loopCollecting duct

119
Q

Is the descending limb of the loop thin or thick?

A

Thin

120
Q

What leaves the descending limb of the loop?

A

H2O

121
Q

T/F: The descending limb of the loop has mitochondria

A

FALSE

122
Q

Is the ascending limb of the loop thin or thick?

A

Thick

123
Q

What leaves the ascending limb of the loop?

A

NaCl

124
Q

T/F: The ascending limb of the loop has mitochondria?

A

True

125
Q

The main function of the distal tube is

A

“fine tuning” of re-absorption/secretion

126
Q

The loop of Henle creates a _______ and creates a ______ concentration gradient in the _____

A

counter-current exchangeNaCl concentration gradientmedula

127
Q

What region of the heart is self-excitatory?

A

pacemaker

128
Q

2 regulation mechanisms for the kidney

A

Local and systematic

129
Q

Local control in the kidney takes care of

A

dilation of afferent arterioles

130
Q

Afferent arterioles are

A

the vessels that bring blood to the kidney/glomerulus

131
Q

Systemic controls involve

A

ADH/VasopressinRennin & other hormones

132
Q

Hormones that increase water absorption

A

ADH and Aldosterone

133
Q

What percent of re-absorption happens at the PCT

A

98%

134
Q

What does ADH do in the kidney

A

it increases the number of aquaporins for more water retention

135
Q

_____ allows rapid spread of AP in the heart

A

electrical continuity

136
Q

APs in cardiac cells differ by ___ and ____

A

kineticsion channels involved

137
Q

Acetylcholine is released to do what to the heart?

A

slow heart rate (increase permeability of K+; decrease perm of Ca+)

138
Q

Parasympethic nerves do what?

A

release Ach to decrease pacemaker activity (to slow heart rate)

139
Q

Sympathetic nerves do what?

A

release hormones (nor) epinephrine to increase heart rate

140
Q

What does nor-epinephrine do for the heart

A

increases Na and Ca permeability (rises resting potential and APs are closer together)

141
Q

How does the nervous system control the heart rate?

A

Influences resting potential of the pacemaker cells

142
Q

The core function of the veins is to

A

STORE blood (walls very expandable)

143
Q

What percent of O2 is conserved in Hb

A

75%

144
Q

What are the efficient carriers for O2

A

Red blood cells

145
Q

At a low PO2, the _____ reserves are released

A

oxygen

146
Q

A high metabolic rate decreases ____, which means greater ____ release

A

pHO2

147
Q

RBC production is stimulated by

A

low O2 content in tissues

148
Q

Blood moves fast in what to maintain O2 and CO2 gradients

A

Capillaries

149
Q

Direction of fluid depends on the balance between ___ and ___ pressure

A

blood and osmotic

150
Q

Osmotic balance is important to prevent

A

extreme volume changes

151
Q

PCT is the major site of

A

absorption

152
Q

PCT regulates pH by

A

releasing H+ ions and taking in bicarbonate ions

153
Q

T/F: the PCT contains many mitochondria because it performs active transport

A

True

154
Q

What makes gases more soluble in blood

A

enzymes and proteins

155
Q

The degree of urea in the collecting duct depends on the

A

concentration gradient

156
Q

What volume of fluid is reabsorbed in the kidney/nephron by the PCT?

A

about 98%

157
Q

Mutated disfunctional aquaporin leads to

A

diabetes insipidus

158
Q

Atrial naturic peptide is an ___ process and is released in ____ BP

A

inihibitinghigh BP

159
Q

Counter-current exchange creates _____ osmotic gradients

A

steep

160
Q

Describe the Rennin-Angitensin-Aldosterone (RAA) process

A

renin released from the kidney -> activates Angiotensin in blood -> aldosterone released from adrenal cortex

161
Q

RAA process happens when BP is ___ and there is ____ osmilarity to ____ blood volume

A

lowhigh osmilarityincrease

162
Q

ADH and aldosterone ___ BP

A

increase

163
Q

If the process just stops at the activation of angiostensin, ____ is stimulated

A

thirst

164
Q

Aldosterone stimulate salt _____

A

re-absorption

165
Q

In an EKG chart what do P Q R S and T each stand for?

A

P= depolarization/contraction of atriaQ,R,S = depolarization of ventriclesT=relaxation/re-polarization of ventricles

166
Q

In the end, blood leaves the kidney through ___ capillaries

A

peritubular

167
Q

Describe the travel of urine from the kindey to outside

A

kidney releases urine into the ureter -> urinary bladder -> out through urethra

168
Q

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) depends on

A

the blood supply to the kidney

169
Q

What does the auto-regulatory system do for the kidney

A

make sure the supply and BP are at good levels

170
Q

Deoxygenated blood flows to where

A

Gas exchange organs of the body

171
Q

Main physical component of Arteries and arterioles

A

Elastic fibers

172
Q

What vessel controls distribution to capillary beds

A

Arterioles

173
Q

What alters diameter/resistance to blood flow?

A

Precapillary sphicters

174
Q

Identity of molecules in blood depends on

A

Concentration gradientsPermeability

175
Q

How does the blood-brain barrier relate to capillaries

A

Lack of pores in membraneOnly lipid soluble

176
Q

What vessels return fluid to major vein to the heart

A

Lymphatic

177
Q

Functions Renal corpuscle = filtrationRenal tubule= absorptionCollecting duct= urine

A

0

178
Q

Collecting ducts start at __, pass through ___, empty into ____

A

CortexMedullaUreter

179
Q

Glomeruli are located in

A

The cortex

180
Q

Renal tubes loop through the

A

Medulla

181
Q

Bottom part of the ascending limb is thin or thick?

A

Thin

182
Q

Loop of Henle does what to the medula?

A

Establishes an external concentration gradient

183
Q

Water leaves the collecting duct via ______

A

Osmosis

184
Q

When water leaves the CD, what happens to urine

A

It becomes more concentrated

185
Q

T/F: collecting duct is highly permeable to urea at the bottom

A

FALSE only slightly permeable

186
Q

CD passes through ____ osmolarity of the medulla, created by the ____

A

IncreasingLoop of Henle

187
Q

Filtration requires

A

Adequate blood pressure

188
Q

Angiotensin increases BP by effects on

A

Vessels and fluid intake

College Biology & Ecology (28 decks)

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