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College Biology & Ecology > Basic Evolutionary Genetics > Flashcards

Basic Evolutionary Genetics Flashcards

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2
Q

Why did people who had unprotected sex with those infected with HIV not get the virus?

A

“broken” CCR5 gene (loss-of-function allele at CCR5 locus = no doorknob)

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3
Q

The CCR5 is a ______ protein found on ____

A

trans-membrane protein found on CD4+ Helper T-cells

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4
Q

HIV virus has ____ form(s) and they are ____ and _____

A

2 formsM-formT-form

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5
Q

M-form of HIV is found

A

early during infection

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6
Q

T-form of HIV is found

A

later during infection (along with M-form)

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7
Q

M-form requires ____ to enter a CD4+ H T-cell

A

CCR5

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8
Q

The cells without a “door knob” were immune to ____ form but not ___ from of HIV

A

M form but not T form

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9
Q

What is the downside to having no CCR5? (homozygous for deltaCCR5 gene)

A

More prone to other infections, T-cells not as strong (aka prone to west-nile virus)

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10
Q

Evolution via natural selection

A

non-random differential reproduction of genotypes due to differences in their associated phenotypes

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11
Q

Darwinian Fitness is

A

the measure of differential reproduction of genotypes

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12
Q

Individual fitness is…

A

the number of genome copies an individual leaves in the next generation

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13
Q

polygenic traits

A

characters that are controlled by many genes at once

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14
Q

quantitative traits

A

polygenic traits

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15
Q

Selection on polygenic traits can lead do

A

very rapid evolution

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16
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of phenotypic variation due to genetic variation (all among individuals)

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17
Q

What contributes to variation

A

Nutrition (environment) and genes

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18
Q

When the slop of a heritability graph is 1 there is ____ heritability which means…

A

perfect heritability which means all variation due to genetic variation

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19
Q

In When the slop of a heritability graph is 0…

A

there is no heritability

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20
Q

R value depends on which variable?

A

hertability (h^2)

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21
Q

whats the max and minimal response of h^2

A

1 and 0

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22
Q

Sexual selection is

A

struggle between individuals of one sex for possession of the other

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23
Q

The tradeoff for fedcundity is

A

survival

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24
Q

response differential is

A

change over time

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25
Q

intrasexual hypothesis is what and indicates what trait?

A

competition with other malesaggression and intimidation

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26
Q

intersexual hypothesis includes what? and describe their properties

A

good genes-better physical attributematerial benefits- good providersensory exploitation - female attractionsexy sons-male with great genes makes great sonsintersexual conflict

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27
Q

the sexy sons trait creates what in the future populations

A

dominance of the trait

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28
Q

describe the attributes of sexual conflict

A

-predation increases-STDs-seminal fluid can have negative effects -resistance exchange of traits

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29
Q

In a trait graph the cost of a better gene =

A

how much more exposure to danger

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30
Q

in trait graph dotted line is

A

benefits with mates

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31
Q

in trait graph equilibrium point is the balance betwwen

A

of sexual and survival selection

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32
Q

M=

A

ability to provide resources (material benefits)

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33
Q

What leads to the lowering of Darwinian fitness?

A

Traits that reduce survival

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34
Q

Altruism

A

a trait that increases the fitness of others but reduces their own

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35
Q

Altruism ultimately leads to a D.fitness of

A

zero

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36
Q

What is kin selection?

A

reproductive success that is driven by augmenting the fitness of relatives

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37
Q

In order for kin selection to happen

A

an indv. needs to be small relative tot he degree of relatedness and benefit to the relative

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38
Q

What is Hamilton’s Rule?

A

C<R*B

39
Q

What is “C” in Hamilton’s rule?

A

fitness coast of altruistic trait

40
Q

R in Hammys rule?

A

relatedness

41
Q

Values for R in relatedness

A

1/2 son-daughter1/2 brother sister1/4 grandchild1/8 1st cousin

42
Q

In kin selection/altruistic conditions, the offspring ______ to the fitness of the parents

A

add

43
Q

As long as Hammies Rule works then _____

A

kin selection is present

44
Q

What is the positive feedback loop?

A

cycle of adaptation & counter-adaptation

45
Q

Coevolution is when

A

two species evolve together/interchangeably

46
Q

Two types of coevolution

A

interspecificintraspecific/intergenic

47
Q

Interspecific coevolution is

A

two speices evolve in response to each other

48
Q

intra/intergenic coevolution is

A

two GENES in the genome of the SAME species evolve in response to each other

49
Q

The two forms for each type of Coevolution is

A

antagonisticmutualistic

50
Q

Describe antagonistic interspecific coevolution and what is the “main name” for that

A

one species targets another and then the other evolves to adapt; “Red Queen”

51
Q

mutualism can turn into parasitism if a species

A

“cheats”

52
Q

the “cheater allele does not accumulate in the gene pool because

A

the affected species “penalizes” the cheater gene in one way or another

53
Q

Describe antagonistic intra/intergenic situation

A

sperm and egg; lysin and egg matrix

54
Q

T/F: Lysin is one of the most rapidly evolving genes

A

True

55
Q

Describe mutualistic intergenic/intraspecific situation

A

insulin and insulin-receptor gene

56
Q

The common sexy ratios found in nature and rareity

A

100% female (asexual; very rare)mostly female (rare)50/50 male to female (normal)

57
Q

Mostly female indicates what type of breeding

A

inbreeding

58
Q

50/50 male-female indicates what type of breeding

A

outbreeding

59
Q

T/F: sex ratio is completely controlled by Mendellan segregation of sex chromosomes

A

FALSE

60
Q

Percentage difference of male and females can also be due to

A

organisms interaction and response to the envrionment

61
Q

To understand sex ratio evolution we need to look at what level of offspring?

A

grand-offspring

62
Q

What is the fitness for grandoffspring?

A

grand-offspring/4

63
Q

When there is a bias in the sexy ratio, the greater fitness is achieved by the

A

rarer sex

64
Q

For random mating, all sex ratios eventually lead to

A

50/50

65
Q

What is the effect of limited space to reproduce on offspring grow together

A

inbreedinghigher female ratio due to more grand-offspring

66
Q

The more male biased a population the ___ the grand-offspring

A

lower

67
Q

In the sex ratio theory, the maximum of grand offspring is reached:in a 50/50 ratio when ___in a inbreeding ratio when ___

A

the rare sex is producedif more females are produced

68
Q

Species are

A

groups of individuals that exchange hereditary material under natural conditions

69
Q

Reproductive Isolation Mechanisms (RIMS) are

A

ways that allow separate species to develop

70
Q

Post - zygotic RIM

A

offspring are produced but are sterile or die before reproductive maturity

71
Q

Pre-zygotic RIM

A

When species don’t even mate or get to produce a zygote (lock and key analogy)-behavior-anatomy-physiology

72
Q

Behavioral isolation also involves what preference?

A

habitat

73
Q

2 types of geographical speciation

A

AllopatricSympatric

74
Q

Describe allopatric

A

species are physically isolated from one another and they develop differently into a whole new species

75
Q

Describe sympatric

A

all species are together in one place, with no physical barrier to genetic exchange

76
Q

T/F: There is a method of direct selection for reproductive isolation

A

FALSE; species don’t encounter one another

77
Q

Allopatric speciation leads to what type of isolation? Why?

A

pre-zygotic, because the species develop different BPM attributes that prevent mating

78
Q

What is positive assortative meeting

A

when individuals with similar phenotypes/preferences mate and “assort” the species more

79
Q

reproductive isolation (pre-zygotic isolation-alloppatric speciation) leads to what type of mating?

A

positive assortative

80
Q

Why does (+) assortative mating (pre-zygotic isolation) lead to speciation?

A

it leads to pleiotropy

81
Q

What is pleiotropy

A

the same gene has multiple phenotypic effects

82
Q

Pleiotropy can lead to what type(s) of isolation?

A

both pre-/post-zygotic isolation

83
Q

Speciation in allopatry can ALSO occur in sympatry due to

A

pleiotropy (mating preference)

84
Q

What is disruptive selection?

A

natural selection that favors 2 phenotypes at opposite extremes

85
Q

Philopatry

A

offspring returning to where their parents mated

86
Q

T/F: Philopatry can also lead to reproductive (pre-zygotic-positive assortment) isolation

A

True!

87
Q

To get a 50% chance of philotropy what must occur?

A

Random mating

88
Q

What leads to 100% of offspring returning to parents mating ground?

A

CompletephilopatryPerfect postitive assortmentcomplete pre-zygotic isolation

89
Q

no philpatry = ( in terms of philopatry)

A

no pre-zygotic isolation

90
Q

Philopatry is an example of what speciation

A

sympatric

91
Q

When determining phylogeny through changes in bases, start off by

A

finding how many changes in bases there are relative to the outgroup and then order from least to greatest

College Biology & Ecology (28 decks)

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