Animal Hormones Flashcards by Courtney @Brainscape

Performance enhancing drugs and order of the general effect on the body

SteroidsTakes testosterone-> binds to cell receptors-> alters gene expression

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The main effect of steroids and side effects

Alters gene expressionCancer and heart,kidney,liver disease

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Hormones are _____ and what is the speed of its communication and distance in the body it travels

Chemical messagesSlowDistance cells of the body

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Hormones control ________ processes. Not useful for ________

Long term physiological processesNot for rapid reactions

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Endocrine cells ________ into the ____ and ______

Secrete hormones into the interstitial space & blood stream (far away)

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Exocrine cells _____ into ____ connected to the ______

Secrete substances into ducts connected to the outside world

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Epithilial cells

Cells that “face” outside world

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2 types of secreted hormones and general properties they share

Autocrine and paracrineReleased in small amounts, inactivated by enzymes, or taken up by local cells.Never get into the circulatory system (blood stream)

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Describe autocrine hormones

Hormones acting on the secreting cell itself. Think “automatic”

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Describe paracrine hormones

Hormones that act on cells near the site of release. Think “para” as “panoramic”

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Describe circulatory hormones

Diffuse into blood streamLatches on to cell receptor to trigger a responseThe same hormone can have different responses

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Example of a circulatory hormone, how it works, and effects

Epinephrine (aka adrenaline)Reaction to emergency causes adrenal cells in the kidney to secrete epinephrineHeart beats faster and strongerBlood vessels constrict to send more blood to musclesGlycogen broken to glucose in liverFats also used for energy (in liver)

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3 main hormone groups

Peptides/proteinsSteroidsAmine hormones

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Properties of peptide/protein hormonesExamples?

Water soluble (polar)Transported by vesiclesReceptors on surface of cellsSignal cascades into the cell Growth hormones and insulin

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Properties of steroidsExamples

Lipid solubleCholesterol are the building blocksMembrane permeabl -can diffuse in and out of cellsNeeds carrier protein in bloodReceptors in cytoplasm and nucleusInteracts with DNA for altering gene expressionSuper small concentrationsEstrogen

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Properties of amine hormonesExamples

Derivatives of amino acid tyrosineBoth lipid and water solubleAdrenaline/epinephrine

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Peptide hormone receptors are

Large Glycoproteins on the cell surface

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Receptors for steroids

Inside cell (cytoplasm/nucleus)Include intercellular receptors that alter gene expression

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Endocrine glands- describe and how many major glands are there in vertebrates

Single cells that secrete hormones that congregate into clusters9 major glands

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Pituitary gland - describe and locate

The link between nervous systemand endocrine glands.At the bottom of the skull and attached to the hypothalamus

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Two parts of the pituitary gland and what they do

Posterior- releases 2 hormones (antidiuretic, oxytocin)-Made by neurons in hypothalamus (neural hormones)-Packaged in vesiclesAnterior-controlled by neurohormones from hypothalamus-releases 4 tropic hormones and other non tropic hormones

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What are tropic hormones and list the main ones

Hormones that control other endocrine glandsArenocortico-tropinThyro-tropinLeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

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Describe growth hormone and special cases

191 amino acidsPromotes growth in tissuesGigantism -too muchDwarfism - too little

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Describe the pancreas

Functions mainly exocrine but endocrine gland as well

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Where are exocrine products from the pancreas delivered?

To the intestine via pancreatic duct

What is the endocrine part of the pancreas comprised of?

Islets of Langerhans

Name the type of cells in islets of Langerhans and what they do

Beta cells - produce insulinAlpha cells -produce glucagon

What type of diabetes destroys islets of Langerhans?

Type I diabetes

Is the maintenance of blood glucose level important?

Yes. The body needs to constantlybalance it within a finite range

T/F : The brain depends almost entirely on glucose as an energy source

True

After a meal ______ levels rise and stimulate ____ to release ______

Blood glucose levelsBeta cells to release insulin

Glucose is converted into

Glycogen (muscle) and fat (adipose)

Fat tissues are also called

Adipose tissues

When blood glucose levels fall ______ release _____ to get the ___ to convert ____ back to _____

Alpha cells release glucagon to get the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose

Cellular effects of insulin

Glucose uptakeGlycogen and fatty acid synthesisTriggers exocytosis of vesicles containing glucose

What is GLUT-4?

Glucose transporterInside the vesicles that carry glucose

Raw diabetes definition

Excessive urine production

Raw definition of mellitus

Sweet; glucose in urine and blood

Diabetes + mellitus = (raw definition)

Sweet urine

Type 1 diabetes and what % have it

Autoimmune destruction- beta/insulin cells destroyed by the body10%

Type 2 diabetes and percentage and related symptom

Lack of insulin receptors on cells/ cells fail to recognize high glucose levels and don't secrete insulin90% obesity

Effects of diabetes

FatalityWeaknessLethargyDramatic loss of body mass

What does diabetes loss of body mass result from?

Cells using fat and protein for fuel instead of glucose. Body wastes away and organ/tissue damage

Different types of diabetic conditions-hypoglycemia -retinopathy-nephropathy-foot-ketoacidosis

-insulin takes up too much glucose => leads to coma/death-blindness-damage to kidneys => chronic renal failure-combo of neuropathy and arterial damage => skin infection / gangrene => amputation

How is norepinephrine related to epinephrine and what else can it do?

Similar effects , one les carbon (nor-prefix) , can also be a neurotransmitter

In the process of creating adrenaline, where are glycogen and fats broken down and what are they broken into?

The liver: glucose and triglycerides

Glucagon also has cascading signals

True

What substances help signal cascading in protein hormones?

Kinases and phosphatases

The axons of the hypothalamus make up the

Pituitary gland

What is oxytocin and where is it made?

Hormone secreted by the pituitary and signals bonding and muscle contractions

What is antidiuretic and where is it made?

Also called ADH and its the "water retention" hormone. Pee yellow - high ADH Pee clear - low ADH

Which hormones are in the gonads?

LeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

Type of connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary

Portal blood vessels

Glucagon is used to

Increase glucose levels

Insulin and glucagon are not always present

False- they are in different levels to balance the level of blood sugars

Two ways to store glucose

As glycogen in the liverAs fat in adipose tissue

Fat is present in which types of tissue

Skeletal muscleAdipose tissue

Random related fact: where is the core source of energy?

Electrons

Ketoacidosis

Such high glucose levels hat cells don't recognize it and don't take up as energy

Effects of ketoacidosis

Cells use fat and proteins as energy (body mass lost)Always hungryHigh osmilarty-cells become dehydratedKetone bodies-side products

Ketone bodies effect

Create protons in the blood so pH decreases in the blood

When pH decreases in blood..

Affinity/effect of hemoglobin decreases. Therefore no oxygen supple to organs = coma

Another side effect of diabetes directly related to the meaning of diabetes

Insipidus -low levels of ADH so body doesn't conserve water

All types diabetes can be treated the same

False

Insipidus

Excess water loss-diabetes condition