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College Biology & Ecology > Animal Hormones > Flashcards

Animal Hormones Flashcards

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2
Q

Performance enhancing drugs and order of the general effect on the body

A

SteroidsTakes testosterone-> binds to cell receptors-> alters gene expression

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3
Q

The main effect of steroids and side effects

A

Alters gene expressionCancer and heart,kidney,liver disease

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4
Q

Hormones are _____ and what is the speed of its communication and distance in the body it travels

A

Chemical messagesSlowDistance cells of the body

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5
Q

Hormones control ________ processes. Not useful for ________

A

Long term physiological processesNot for rapid reactions

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6
Q

Endocrine cells ________ into the ____ and ______

A

Secrete hormones into the interstitial space & blood stream (far away)

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7
Q

Exocrine cells _____ into ____ connected to the ______

A

Secrete substances into ducts connected to the outside world

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8
Q

Epithilial cells

A

Cells that “face” outside world

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9
Q

2 types of secreted hormones and general properties they share

A

Autocrine and paracrineReleased in small amounts, inactivated by enzymes, or taken up by local cells.Never get into the circulatory system (blood stream)

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10
Q

Describe autocrine hormones

A

Hormones acting on the secreting cell itself. Think “automatic”

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11
Q

Describe paracrine hormones

A

Hormones that act on cells near the site of release. Think “para” as “panoramic”

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12
Q

Describe circulatory hormones

A

Diffuse into blood streamLatches on to cell receptor to trigger a responseThe same hormone can have different responses

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13
Q

Example of a circulatory hormone, how it works, and effects

A

Epinephrine (aka adrenaline)Reaction to emergency causes adrenal cells in the kidney to secrete epinephrineHeart beats faster and strongerBlood vessels constrict to send more blood to musclesGlycogen broken to glucose in liverFats also used for energy (in liver)

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14
Q

3 main hormone groups

A

Peptides/proteinsSteroidsAmine hormones

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15
Q

Properties of peptide/protein hormonesExamples?

A

Water soluble (polar)Transported by vesiclesReceptors on surface of cellsSignal cascades into the cell Growth hormones and insulin

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16
Q

Properties of steroidsExamples

A

Lipid solubleCholesterol are the building blocksMembrane permeabl -can diffuse in and out of cellsNeeds carrier protein in bloodReceptors in cytoplasm and nucleusInteracts with DNA for altering gene expressionSuper small concentrationsEstrogen

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17
Q

Properties of amine hormonesExamples

A

Derivatives of amino acid tyrosineBoth lipid and water solubleAdrenaline/epinephrine

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18
Q

Peptide hormone receptors are

A

Large Glycoproteins on the cell surface

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19
Q

Receptors for steroids

A

Inside cell (cytoplasm/nucleus)Include intercellular receptors that alter gene expression

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20
Q

Endocrine glands- describe and how many major glands are there in vertebrates

A

Single cells that secrete hormones that congregate into clusters9 major glands

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21
Q

Pituitary gland - describe and locate

A

The link between nervous systemand endocrine glands.At the bottom of the skull and attached to the hypothalamus

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22
Q

Two parts of the pituitary gland and what they do

A

Posterior- releases 2 hormones (antidiuretic, oxytocin)-Made by neurons in hypothalamus (neural hormones)-Packaged in vesiclesAnterior-controlled by neurohormones from hypothalamus-releases 4 tropic hormones and other non tropic hormones

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23
Q

What are tropic hormones and list the main ones

A

Hormones that control other endocrine glandsArenocortico-tropinThyro-tropinLeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

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24
Q

Describe growth hormone and special cases

A

191 amino acidsPromotes growth in tissuesGigantism -too muchDwarfism - too little

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25
Q

Describe the pancreas

A

Functions mainly exocrine but endocrine gland as well

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26
Q

Where are exocrine products from the pancreas delivered?

A

To the intestine via pancreatic duct

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27
Q

What is the endocrine part of the pancreas comprised of?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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28
Q

Name the type of cells in islets of Langerhans and what they do

A

Beta cells - produce insulinAlpha cells -produce glucagon

29
Q

What type of diabetes destroys islets of Langerhans?

A

Type I diabetes

30
Q

Is the maintenance of blood glucose level important?

A

Yes. The body needs to constantlybalance it within a finite range

31
Q

T/F : The brain depends almost entirely on glucose as an energy source

A

True

32
Q

After a meal ______ levels rise and stimulate ____ to release ______

A

Blood glucose levelsBeta cells to release insulin

33
Q

Glucose is converted into

A

Glycogen (muscle) and fat (adipose)

34
Q

Fat tissues are also called

A

Adipose tissues

35
Q

When blood glucose levels fall ______ release _____ to get the ___ to convert ____ back to _____

A

Alpha cells release glucagon to get the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose

36
Q

Cellular effects of insulin

A

Glucose uptakeGlycogen and fatty acid synthesisTriggers exocytosis of vesicles containing glucose

37
Q

What is GLUT-4?

A

Glucose transporterInside the vesicles that carry glucose

38
Q

Raw diabetes definition

A

Excessive urine production

39
Q

Raw definition of mellitus

A

Sweet; glucose in urine and blood

40
Q

Diabetes + mellitus = (raw definition)

A

Sweet urine

41
Q

Type 1 diabetes and what % have it

A

Autoimmune destruction- beta/insulin cells destroyed by the body10%

42
Q

Type 2 diabetes and percentage and related symptom

A

Lack of insulin receptors on cells/ cells fail to recognize high glucose levels and don’t secrete insulin90% obesity

43
Q

Effects of diabetes

A

FatalityWeaknessLethargyDramatic loss of body mass

44
Q

What does diabetes loss of body mass result from?

A

Cells using fat and protein for fuel instead of glucose. Body wastes away and organ/tissue damage

45
Q

Different types of diabetic conditions-hypoglycemia -retinopathy-nephropathy-foot-ketoacidosis

A

-insulin takes up too much glucose => leads to coma/death-blindness-damage to kidneys => chronic renal failure-combo of neuropathy and arterial damage => skin infection / gangrene => amputation

46
Q

How is norepinephrine related to epinephrine and what else can it do?

A

Similar effects , one les carbon (nor-prefix) , can also be a neurotransmitter

47
Q

In the process of creating adrenaline, where are glycogen and fats broken down and what are they broken into?

A

The liver: glucose and triglycerides

48
Q

Glucagon also has cascading signals

A

True

49
Q

What substances help signal cascading in protein hormones?

A

Kinases and phosphatases

50
Q

The axons of the hypothalamus make up the

A

Pituitary gland

51
Q

What is oxytocin and where is it made?

A

Hormone secreted by the pituitary and signals bonding and muscle contractions

52
Q

What is antidiuretic and where is it made?

A

Also called ADH and its the “water retention” hormone. Pee yellow - high ADH Pee clear - low ADH

53
Q

Which hormones are in the gonads?

A

LeutinizingFollicle-stimulating

54
Q

Type of connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary

A

Portal blood vessels

55
Q

Glucagon is used to

A

Increase glucose levels

56
Q

Insulin and glucagon are not always present

A

False- they are in different levels to balance the level of blood sugars

57
Q

Two ways to store glucose

A

As glycogen in the liverAs fat in adipose tissue

58
Q

Fat is present in which types of tissue

A

Skeletal muscleAdipose tissue

59
Q

Random related fact: where is the core source of energy?

A

Electrons

60
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Such high glucose levels hat cells don’t recognize it and don’t take up as energy

61
Q

Effects of ketoacidosis

A

Cells use fat and proteins as energy (body mass lost)Always hungryHigh osmilarty-cells become dehydratedKetone bodies-side products

62
Q

Ketone bodies effect

A

Create protons in the blood so pH decreases in the blood

63
Q

When pH decreases in blood..

A

Affinity/effect of hemoglobin decreases. Therefore no oxygen supple to organs = coma

64
Q

Another side effect of diabetes directly related to the meaning of diabetes

A

Insipidus -low levels of ADH so body doesn’t conserve water

65
Q

All types diabetes can be treated the same

A

False

66
Q

Insipidus

A

Excess water loss-diabetes condition

College Biology & Ecology (28 decks)

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