Animal Hormones Flashcards
Performance enhancing drugs and order of the general effect on the body
SteroidsTakes testosterone-> binds to cell receptors-> alters gene expression
The main effect of steroids and side effects
Alters gene expressionCancer and heart,kidney,liver disease
Hormones are _____ and what is the speed of its communication and distance in the body it travels
Chemical messagesSlowDistance cells of the body
Hormones control ________ processes. Not useful for ________
Long term physiological processesNot for rapid reactions
Endocrine cells ________ into the ____ and ______
Secrete hormones into the interstitial space & blood stream (far away)
Exocrine cells _____ into ____ connected to the ______
Secrete substances into ducts connected to the outside world
Epithilial cells
Cells that “face” outside world
2 types of secreted hormones and general properties they share
Autocrine and paracrineReleased in small amounts, inactivated by enzymes, or taken up by local cells.Never get into the circulatory system (blood stream)
Describe autocrine hormones
Hormones acting on the secreting cell itself. Think “automatic”
Describe paracrine hormones
Hormones that act on cells near the site of release. Think “para” as “panoramic”
Describe circulatory hormones
Diffuse into blood streamLatches on to cell receptor to trigger a responseThe same hormone can have different responses
Example of a circulatory hormone, how it works, and effects
Epinephrine (aka adrenaline)Reaction to emergency causes adrenal cells in the kidney to secrete epinephrineHeart beats faster and strongerBlood vessels constrict to send more blood to musclesGlycogen broken to glucose in liverFats also used for energy (in liver)
3 main hormone groups
Peptides/proteinsSteroidsAmine hormones
Properties of peptide/protein hormonesExamples?
Water soluble (polar)Transported by vesiclesReceptors on surface of cellsSignal cascades into the cell Growth hormones and insulin
Properties of steroidsExamples
Lipid solubleCholesterol are the building blocksMembrane permeabl -can diffuse in and out of cellsNeeds carrier protein in bloodReceptors in cytoplasm and nucleusInteracts with DNA for altering gene expressionSuper small concentrationsEstrogen
Properties of amine hormonesExamples
Derivatives of amino acid tyrosineBoth lipid and water solubleAdrenaline/epinephrine
Peptide hormone receptors are
Large Glycoproteins on the cell surface
Receptors for steroids
Inside cell (cytoplasm/nucleus)Include intercellular receptors that alter gene expression
Endocrine glands- describe and how many major glands are there in vertebrates
Single cells that secrete hormones that congregate into clusters9 major glands
Pituitary gland - describe and locate
The link between nervous systemand endocrine glands.At the bottom of the skull and attached to the hypothalamus
Two parts of the pituitary gland and what they do
Posterior- releases 2 hormones (antidiuretic, oxytocin)-Made by neurons in hypothalamus (neural hormones)-Packaged in vesiclesAnterior-controlled by neurohormones from hypothalamus-releases 4 tropic hormones and other non tropic hormones
What are tropic hormones and list the main ones
Hormones that control other endocrine glandsArenocortico-tropinThyro-tropinLeutinizingFollicle-stimulating
Describe growth hormone and special cases
191 amino acidsPromotes growth in tissuesGigantism -too muchDwarfism - too little
Describe the pancreas
Functions mainly exocrine but endocrine gland as well
Where are exocrine products from the pancreas delivered?
To the intestine via pancreatic duct
What is the endocrine part of the pancreas comprised of?
Islets of Langerhans
Name the type of cells in islets of Langerhans and what they do
Beta cells - produce insulinAlpha cells -produce glucagon
What type of diabetes destroys islets of Langerhans?
Type I diabetes
Is the maintenance of blood glucose level important?
Yes. The body needs to constantlybalance it within a finite range
T/F : The brain depends almost entirely on glucose as an energy source
True
After a meal ______ levels rise and stimulate ____ to release ______
Blood glucose levelsBeta cells to release insulin
Glucose is converted into
Glycogen (muscle) and fat (adipose)
Fat tissues are also called
Adipose tissues
When blood glucose levels fall ______ release _____ to get the ___ to convert ____ back to _____
Alpha cells release glucagon to get the liver to convert glycogen back to glucose
Cellular effects of insulin
Glucose uptakeGlycogen and fatty acid synthesisTriggers exocytosis of vesicles containing glucose
What is GLUT-4?
Glucose transporterInside the vesicles that carry glucose
Raw diabetes definition
Excessive urine production
Raw definition of mellitus
Sweet; glucose in urine and blood
Diabetes + mellitus = (raw definition)
Sweet urine
Type 1 diabetes and what % have it
Autoimmune destruction- beta/insulin cells destroyed by the body10%
Type 2 diabetes and percentage and related symptom
Lack of insulin receptors on cells/ cells fail to recognize high glucose levels and don’t secrete insulin90% obesity
Effects of diabetes
FatalityWeaknessLethargyDramatic loss of body mass
What does diabetes loss of body mass result from?
Cells using fat and protein for fuel instead of glucose. Body wastes away and organ/tissue damage
Different types of diabetic conditions-hypoglycemia -retinopathy-nephropathy-foot-ketoacidosis
-insulin takes up too much glucose => leads to coma/death-blindness-damage to kidneys => chronic renal failure-combo of neuropathy and arterial damage => skin infection / gangrene => amputation
How is norepinephrine related to epinephrine and what else can it do?
Similar effects , one les carbon (nor-prefix) , can also be a neurotransmitter
In the process of creating adrenaline, where are glycogen and fats broken down and what are they broken into?
The liver: glucose and triglycerides
Glucagon also has cascading signals
True
What substances help signal cascading in protein hormones?
Kinases and phosphatases
The axons of the hypothalamus make up the
Pituitary gland
What is oxytocin and where is it made?
Hormone secreted by the pituitary and signals bonding and muscle contractions
What is antidiuretic and where is it made?
Also called ADH and its the “water retention” hormone. Pee yellow - high ADH Pee clear - low ADH
Which hormones are in the gonads?
LeutinizingFollicle-stimulating
Type of connection between the hypothalamus and pituitary
Portal blood vessels
Glucagon is used to
Increase glucose levels
Insulin and glucagon are not always present
False- they are in different levels to balance the level of blood sugars
Two ways to store glucose
As glycogen in the liverAs fat in adipose tissue
Fat is present in which types of tissue
Skeletal muscleAdipose tissue
Random related fact: where is the core source of energy?
Electrons
Ketoacidosis
Such high glucose levels hat cells don’t recognize it and don’t take up as energy
Effects of ketoacidosis
Cells use fat and proteins as energy (body mass lost)Always hungryHigh osmilarty-cells become dehydratedKetone bodies-side products
Ketone bodies effect
Create protons in the blood so pH decreases in the blood
When pH decreases in blood..
Affinity/effect of hemoglobin decreases. Therefore no oxygen supple to organs = coma
Another side effect of diabetes directly related to the meaning of diabetes
Insipidus -low levels of ADH so body doesn’t conserve water
All types diabetes can be treated the same
False
Insipidus
Excess water loss-diabetes condition
