EEMB 3: Animals Flashcards
2
Q
What feature distinguish animals from everything else
A
they are ALL multicellular
3
Q
T/F: Animals can consume organic and inorganic compounds
A
FALSEonly organic compounds
4
Q
Animals lack the ability to form ____ from inorganic compounds. In other words all animals are ____
A
organic compounds (heterotrophs)
5
Q
Animals digest compounds _____ and this is is highly variable.
A
internally
6
Q
Animals are mostly classified by ____
A
they way they digest nutrients
7
Q
Motion is relative to what?
A
the way animals feed
8
Q
What must be expended for an animal to feed
A
energy
9
Q
What is asymmetrical body like? (Example)
A
A body with no distinguishable pattern ex: sponge
10
Q
What is radial symmetry? (Example)
A
Circular (symmetry from any angle)ex: sea anemones
11
Q
What is biradial symmetry? (Example)
A
2 sets of symmetry from any angleex: sea star
12
Q
What is bilateral symmetry? (Example)
A
One line of symmetry going along the length of the bodyex: fish/humans
13
Q
Locomotion has lead to the development of unique _____ systems and ___
A
sensory systemsbehaviour
14
Q
The most probable ancestor of all animals is a ______
A
colonial protist (choanoflagellates)
15
Q
The metazoan lineage is _______
A
monophyletic
16
Q
Remeber, phylogenies are ______ of related ness
A
estimates
17
Q
Phylogenies are made using ____ or _____ data, with many different _____ combined
A
mophological or molecular datadifferent approaches combined
18
Q
Monophyly of animals is supported by what type of factors?
A
Molecular/genetic factors
19
Q
Animals have sequence similarities in what?
A
5S and 18S ribosomal RNAs
20
Q
Animals share similarities in what genes?
A
Hox genes
21
Q
All animals share a similarity in _____ interactions
A
cell-cell
22
Q
All animals have a common set of _____ (Example?)
A
extracellular matrix molecules(such as collagen)
23
Q
Phylum Porifera contains the ______ and are referred to as ________ animals.
A
The spongesLoosely organized animals
24
Q
What animals were separated early in the lineage?
A
Sponges
25
Q
Sponges are ____, which means they attach to the bottom substrate of the environment
A
benthic
26
Sponges are ____ which means they don't move.
Sessile
27
What structure of sponges are its key feature?
Its cell types
28
Symmetry of phylum porifera organisms
asymmetrical
29
The cellular organization of phylum porifera are ____ and lack ____ level organization
unusualtissue level
30
3 types of phylum porifera
Desmosponges (most common)Glass SpongesCalcareous sponges
31
Aprox. how many species in phylum porifera
9000
32
T/F: Sponges are also found in fresh water
True, but only a few
33
T/F: Sponges not are found at all depths
FALSE, they are
34
The body of the sponge is mainly composed of a loose aggregation of cells surrounding a \_\_\_\_
water canal system
35
T/F: there is a certain opening in sponges that is the "mouth"
FALSE , no mouth
36
T/F: The feeding system of sponges is a multi- way movement of water
FALSE, one way
37
The specialized feeding cells of sponges are called what and what do they do?
Choanocytes-move water into the animal using a flagellum
38
Water in sponges exit via
the osculum
39
The supporting structure that helps sponges stay rigid are called \_\_\_\_.
spicules (supporting spines)
40
T/F: Sponges have skeletons
FALSE, only structure support provided by spicules
41
Five cell types of sponges
Choano-cyteArchaeo-cytePinaco-cytesPoro-cyteSclero-cyte
42
What are the function of Sclerocytes?
to make the spicules
43
What is the function of archaeocytes?
digestion (contain enzymes)
44
What is the function of the Pinacocytes?
The "skin" of the sponge (tough and leathery)
45
What is the function of the Porocytes?
control water flow by contraction
46
The flagellum of the choanocytes are on the exterior and interior of the sponge?
interior
47
In Choanocytes the central flagellum is surrounded by a collar of ______ which is the major site of \_\_\_\_\_\_
microvillimajor site of absorption
48
What processes ingests and deliver nutrients through out the sponge body? How do they deliver it?
Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis-deliver by food vacuoles
49
What 3 types of materials are spicules made out of?
Calcium carbonateSilicaSpongin (organic protein-like substance)
50
T/F: Sponges don't have the capacity to be ecologically dominant
FALSE they can conquer all
51
Body shape of sponges correlate to
habitat/environment
52
Body shape of sponges correlate to
habitat/environment
53
Name the classes in phylum Cnidaria and examples
Antho-zoans - coral/sea anemonesScypho-zoans - jellyfishHydro-zoanCuba-zoan
54
What is the next "split" in the monophylogenic tree for animals after porifera?
Cnidaria
55
Changes in body plan from sponges
two embryonic cell layersdistinct organ systems
56
Cnidarians are mostly found in what type of environment
marine
57
All cnidarians have basic ____ symmetry
radial
58
Cnidarians have ___ cell layers of living tissue and what are they?
Two-epidermis and gastrodermis
59
Cnidarians have a middle ___ layer called the \_\_\_
gelatinous layermesoglea
60
What surrounds the mouth of Cnidarians?
Tentacles
61
T/F: Cnidarians have two openings to the digestive system
FALSE (no anus)
62
2 references to the digestive system of the Cnidarians are the _____ cavity and \_\_\_\_\_\_
Gastrovascular cavity"blind gut"
63
What structure do Cnidarians use for stinging?
Nematocysts
64
Describe the mobility of Cnidarians
some swimsome are stationary
65
Cnidarians are _____ carnivores
simple
66
Cnidarians have a ____ metabolic rate which allow them to live in poor nutrient and cold waters
low metabolic rate
67
How is the nervous system organized in Cnidarians
It is not (radiating non centralized net)
68
The tentacles on Cnidarians are for
feedingsensory
69
Cnidarians can be referred to as a "\_\_\_\_ with \_\_\_\_\_"
"gut with tentacles"
70
Name the 3 purposes of the gastrovascular cavity (Cnidarians)
digestiongas exchangecirculation
71
Cnidarians lack a _____ system
circulatory system
72
Large Cnidarians can have a highly branched _____ due to lack of circulatory system
Gastrovascular cavity
73
Cnidarians have ___ cells with ____ fibers that allow movement
epithelial cells with muscle fibers
74
How do Cnidarians "circulate" fluid/nutrients
diffusion
75
What structure in the gastovascular cavity in Cnidarians contain digestive enxymes
the gastroderm
76
Outside to inside of a Cndarian
epidermis - cnidocysts - mesoglea - gastrodermis - gastrovascular cavity
77
The stinging cells of Cnidarians are called
cnidocytes
78
Cnidocytes eject a ____ that injects toxins
nematocytes
79
Unlike sponges cnidarians have nerves and \_\_\_\_
muscles
80
The first animal in the lineage to have muscles
Cnidarians
81
T/F: Cndarians have a true nervous system
nope
82
Describe the nerve organization of Cnidarians
mesh of decentralized nerves in a network
83
Cnidarians have a _____ skeletal system
hydrostatic
84
Two life stages of cnidarians
polyp and medusa
85
4 main groups of Cnidarians
scypho-zoansantho-zoanshydro-zoanscuba-zoans
86
Scyphozoans are phlyum ____ and are the \_\_\_\_\_
cnidariajellyfish
87
Anthozoans are phylum ____ and are \_\_\_\_
cnidariacoral and sea anemone
88
Hydrozoans are phylum ___ and are \_\_\_\_
cnidariahydras
89
Cubazoans are phylum ___ and are \_\_\_\_
cnidarianbox jellies
90
Another name for jellyfish are ____ animals
"G-cup"
91
T/F: jellyfish are all marine
True
92
look at slide 11 lecture 2
jellyfish life cycle
93
Which class contain the only freshwater cndarians?
Hydrozoa
94
Hydras are ____ in motion and _____ swimmers
Sessilecolonial swimmers
95
look at lecture 2 slide 13 for
zooids
96
Anthozoans are sometimes referred to as _____ animals
flower
97
Anthozoans include what types of animals
corals and sea anemones
98
The reef building organisms
Coral
99
The spatially dominant animal in reefs
coral
100
How do corals grow?
vegetative propagation of polyps
101
What gives coral their color? (casual and scientific name)
Dinoflagellates (zoozanthellae)
102
Endosymbiotic relationship with cnidarians (color)
Dinoflagellates (zoozanthallae)
103
Tropical stone?
Reef buidling/ calcium carbonate skeleton
104
Life cycle of corals (4 stages)
larvae (planula) -\> coral spat -\> juvenile corals --\> adult coral
105
Cnidarians get ___ and ____ benefits while the dinoflagellates gain ____ and \_\_\_\_
trophic and nutritionalshelter and sunlight
106
Corals have a relatively small ____ in relationship to their _____ effect
biomassecological effect
107
The keystone species of reefs
coral
108
What is coral bleaching?
when dinoflagellates leave or are reduced
109
What color are coral when they are bleached
white
110
2 reasons for coral bleaching
stress responseadaptive bleaching hypothesis (ABH)
111
What is adaptive bleaching hypothesis
switching out old symbionts for new, better ones "high risk"
112
Corals are referred to as ecosystem \_\_\_\_\_
engineers!
113
Cubozoa include what type of animals
box jellyfish
114
What are the differences between jellyfish and box jellies
box jellies have eyes and only 4 tentacles
115
The "sea wasps" of Australia are what class?
Cubozoa - box jellies
116
The one phylum separate from Cnidaria that are close to them
Phylum Ctenophora
117
Another name for Ctenophores
comb jellies
118
What are the major differences between Ctenopores and Cnidarians
complete gut (2 openings)no nematocytesall marine
119
How do ctenophores feed?
sticky ctene (cilia) projections (8 rows)
120
Ctenes posses how many rows of ctenes?
8 rows
121
What are ctenes?
cilia-like projections
122
What layer of tissue does muscle come in?
mesoderm
123
Two major animal lineages
ProtostomesDeuterostomes
124
Two lineages of protostomes
LophotrochozoansEcdysozoans
125
Flatworms are what group in lophotrochozoans?
Platyhelminthes
126
Ribbon worms are what group in lophotrochozoans?
Nemertea
127
Segmented worms are what group in lophotrochozoans?
Annelids
128
Roundworms are what group in Ecdysozoans?
Nematodes
129
What do Platyhelminthes, Nemerteans, Annelids, and Nematodes have in common?
They are all worms and all have members that are parasites
130
Distinguishing characteristic of platyhleminthes
flat
131
The simplest animals with bilateral symmetry
Flatworms (platyhelminthes)
132
How to flatworms move?
cilia on the ventral side
133
\_\_\_\_\_ is a key way for flatworms to perform bodily functions
Diffusion
134
T/F: flatworms have a blind gut
True
135
Simple classes of flatworms (4)
Turbellaria - planariansTrematoda - flukesMonogeneaCestoda
136
Which type of flatworms are specifically parasitic?
Cestoda
137
The attachment structure of cestoda
the scolex
138
The segements/pieces of the cestodas are called
proglottids (contain eggs and such)
139
Nemerteas (ribbon worms) are ____ -bodied and un- \_\_\_\_\_
soft-bodiedun--segmented
140
Ribbon worms, unlike flatworms have a _____ gut and anus
complete gut and anus
141
The simplest animal with a circulatory system
Ribbon worms (nemerteas)
142
The special feeding organ of ribbon worms (nemerteas; defining characteristic)
Proboscis
143
The proboscis (of ribbon worm/nemertea) is a ______ feeding organ which is _____ from the worm
hollow feeding organejected from the worm
144
The defining structures of ribbon worms (nemerteas)
Probosics Rhynchocoel
145
What acts as the hydrostatic skeleton for nemerteas (ribbon worms)
body wall "muscles" and rhynochocoel
146
T/F: Nemerteans are not effective burrowers
FALSE
147
Nemerteans are carnivores, herbivores, or both?
Carnivores
148
How do nemberteans feed?
Shoot the proboscies out of the body and use toxins/mucous to immobilize and wind in prey
149
Segmented worms are \_\_\_\_. Segmented means
Annelids-bodies are series of repeating segments
150
What controls each segment in annelids?
ganglion (nerves!)
151
How doe annelids stay moist?
gas exchange across body wall
152
Annelids have little kidneys called
Nephridia
153
Defining characteristic of annelids=
1+ pair of chitinous setae per segment
154
The 4 classes of annelids
Poly-chaetes (marine)Oligo-chaetes (mostly freshwater, earthworm)Hiurdinea - leechesPogonophora - deep sea
155
Exclusively marine worms are called
polychaetes
156
A majority of annelids are what class?
Polychaetes
157
Polychaetes use what for movement?
Parapodia (flat outgrowths, vascular)
158
T/F: polychaetes do not have the possibility to burrow
FALSE
159
The class of annelids that are all hermaphroditic
ologochaetes
160
Leeches belong under the what class of annelids?
Hirudinea
161
The only Ecdysozoan worms we are studying are \_\_\_
nematodes (round worms)
162
The only worms/animals with cuticles are
nematodes (round worms)
163
4 major groups of mollsks are
chitonsgastropodsbivalvescephalopods
164
Mollusks are in what lineage of animals?
Proteosomes -\> lophotrochozoans
165
T/F: There is a body standard for being a mollusk?
FALSEthey got dissimilar body shapes (no "typical" mollusk)
166
Structure mollusks use for locomotion/clinging
the muscular foot
167
Mollusks have what structure that secretes a calcareous shell?
the mantel
168
What is it called when the mollusks have all organs centralized in one body area?
visceral mass
169
Mollusks have ____ that are used for feeding but are missing in bivalves
radula
170
Describe the mollusks body plan (4 things)
shellgreatly reduced coelomcomplete digestive systemopen circulatory system (except in cephalpods)
171
Another name for chitons?
Polyplacs
172
Describe the distinctive shell of chitons (polyplacs)
8 overlapping articulated plates
173
The structure of that acts as a suction cup in chitons is called
the girdle
174
How do chitons feed?
they are grazers
175
The thin material used to keep the snail from drying out is called the
operculum
176
Muscles have ___ instead of radula for feeding
gills
177
The only cephalopod with a shell is the
Nautilus
178
What 2 things make cephalopods super unique to mollusks
close circulatory systemlarge differentiated brain
179
What do cephalopods use to change color?
chromataphores
180
Along with chromataphores, squids also have ___ that give them bioluminescence
photophores
