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College Biology & Ecology > EEMB 3: Animals > Flashcards

EEMB 3: Animals Flashcards

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2
Q

What feature distinguish animals from everything else

A

they are ALL multicellular

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3
Q

T/F: Animals can consume organic and inorganic compounds

A

FALSEonly organic compounds

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4
Q

Animals lack the ability to form ____ from inorganic compounds. In other words all animals are ____

A

organic compounds (heterotrophs)

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5
Q

Animals digest compounds _____ and this is is highly variable.

A

internally

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6
Q

Animals are mostly classified by ____

A

they way they digest nutrients

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7
Q

Motion is relative to what?

A

the way animals feed

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8
Q

What must be expended for an animal to feed

A

energy

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9
Q

What is asymmetrical body like? (Example)

A

A body with no distinguishable pattern ex: sponge

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10
Q

What is radial symmetry? (Example)

A

Circular (symmetry from any angle)ex: sea anemones

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11
Q

What is biradial symmetry? (Example)

A

2 sets of symmetry from any angleex: sea star

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12
Q

What is bilateral symmetry? (Example)

A

One line of symmetry going along the length of the bodyex: fish/humans

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13
Q

Locomotion has lead to the development of unique _____ systems and ___

A

sensory systemsbehaviour

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14
Q

The most probable ancestor of all animals is a ______

A

colonial protist (choanoflagellates)

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15
Q

The metazoan lineage is _______

A

monophyletic

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16
Q

Remeber, phylogenies are ______ of related ness

A

estimates

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17
Q

Phylogenies are made using ____ or _____ data, with many different _____ combined

A

mophological or molecular datadifferent approaches combined

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18
Q

Monophyly of animals is supported by what type of factors?

A

Molecular/genetic factors

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19
Q

Animals have sequence similarities in what?

A

5S and 18S ribosomal RNAs

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20
Q

Animals share similarities in what genes?

A

Hox genes

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21
Q

All animals share a similarity in _____ interactions

A

cell-cell

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22
Q

All animals have a common set of _____ (Example?)

A

extracellular matrix molecules(such as collagen)

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23
Q

Phylum Porifera contains the ______ and are referred to as ________ animals.

A

The spongesLoosely organized animals

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24
Q

What animals were separated early in the lineage?

A

Sponges

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25
Q

Sponges are ____, which means they attach to the bottom substrate of the environment

A

benthic

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26
Q

Sponges are ____ which means they don’t move.

A

Sessile

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27
Q

What structure of sponges are its key feature?

A

Its cell types

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28
Q

Symmetry of phylum porifera organisms

A

asymmetrical

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29
Q

The cellular organization of phylum porifera are ____ and lack ____ level organization

A

unusualtissue level

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30
Q

3 types of phylum porifera

A

Desmosponges (most common)Glass SpongesCalcareous sponges

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31
Q

Aprox. how many species in phylum porifera

A

9000

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32
Q

T/F: Sponges are also found in fresh water

A

True, but only a few

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33
Q

T/F: Sponges not are found at all depths

A

FALSE, they are

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34
Q

The body of the sponge is mainly composed of a loose aggregation of cells surrounding a ____

A

water canal system

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35
Q

T/F: there is a certain opening in sponges that is the “mouth”

A

FALSE , no mouth

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36
Q

T/F: The feeding system of sponges is a multi- way movement of water

A

FALSE, one way

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37
Q

The specialized feeding cells of sponges are called what and what do they do?

A

Choanocytes-move water into the animal using a flagellum

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38
Q

Water in sponges exit via

A

the osculum

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39
Q

The supporting structure that helps sponges stay rigid are called ____.

A

spicules (supporting spines)

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40
Q

T/F: Sponges have skeletons

A

FALSE, only structure support provided by spicules

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41
Q

Five cell types of sponges

A

Choano-cyteArchaeo-cytePinaco-cytesPoro-cyteSclero-cyte

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42
Q

What are the function of Sclerocytes?

A

to make the spicules

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43
Q

What is the function of archaeocytes?

A

digestion (contain enzymes)

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44
Q

What is the function of the Pinacocytes?

A

The “skin” of the sponge (tough and leathery)

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45
Q

What is the function of the Porocytes?

A

control water flow by contraction

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46
Q

The flagellum of the choanocytes are on the exterior and interior of the sponge?

A

interior

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47
Q

In Choanocytes the central flagellum is surrounded by a collar of ______ which is the major site of ______

A

microvillimajor site of absorption

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48
Q

What processes ingests and deliver nutrients through out the sponge body? How do they deliver it?

A

Phagocytosis and Pinocytosis-deliver by food vacuoles

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49
Q

What 3 types of materials are spicules made out of?

A

Calcium carbonateSilicaSpongin (organic protein-like substance)

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50
Q

T/F: Sponges don’t have the capacity to be ecologically dominant

A

FALSE they can conquer all

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51
Q

Body shape of sponges correlate to

A

habitat/environment

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52
Q

Body shape of sponges correlate to

A

habitat/environment

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53
Q

Name the classes in phylum Cnidaria and examples

A

Antho-zoans - coral/sea anemonesScypho-zoans - jellyfishHydro-zoanCuba-zoan

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54
Q

What is the next “split” in the monophylogenic tree for animals after porifera?

A

Cnidaria

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55
Q

Changes in body plan from sponges

A

two embryonic cell layersdistinct organ systems

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56
Q

Cnidarians are mostly found in what type of environment

A

marine

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57
Q

All cnidarians have basic ____ symmetry

A

radial

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58
Q

Cnidarians have ___ cell layers of living tissue and what are they?

A

Two-epidermis and gastrodermis

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59
Q

Cnidarians have a middle ___ layer called the ___

A

gelatinous layermesoglea

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60
Q

What surrounds the mouth of Cnidarians?

A

Tentacles

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61
Q

T/F: Cnidarians have two openings to the digestive system

A

FALSE (no anus)

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62
Q

2 references to the digestive system of the Cnidarians are the _____ cavity and ______

A

Gastrovascular cavity”blind gut”

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63
Q

What structure do Cnidarians use for stinging?

A

Nematocysts

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64
Q

Describe the mobility of Cnidarians

A

some swimsome are stationary

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65
Q

Cnidarians are _____ carnivores

A

simple

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66
Q

Cnidarians have a ____ metabolic rate which allow them to live in poor nutrient and cold waters

A

low metabolic rate

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67
Q

How is the nervous system organized in Cnidarians

A

It is not (radiating non centralized net)

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68
Q

The tentacles on Cnidarians are for

A

feedingsensory

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69
Q

Cnidarians can be referred to as a “____ with _____”

A

“gut with tentacles”

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70
Q

Name the 3 purposes of the gastrovascular cavity (Cnidarians)

A

digestiongas exchangecirculation

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71
Q

Cnidarians lack a _____ system

A

circulatory system

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72
Q

Large Cnidarians can have a highly branched _____ due to lack of circulatory system

A

Gastrovascular cavity

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73
Q

Cnidarians have ___ cells with ____ fibers that allow movement

A

epithelial cells with muscle fibers

74
Q

How do Cnidarians “circulate” fluid/nutrients

A

diffusion

75
Q

What structure in the gastovascular cavity in Cnidarians contain digestive enxymes

A

the gastroderm

76
Q

Outside to inside of a Cndarian

A

epidermis - cnidocysts - mesoglea - gastrodermis - gastrovascular cavity

77
Q

The stinging cells of Cnidarians are called

A

cnidocytes

78
Q

Cnidocytes eject a ____ that injects toxins

A

nematocytes

79
Q

Unlike sponges cnidarians have nerves and ____

A

muscles

80
Q

The first animal in the lineage to have muscles

A

Cnidarians

81
Q

T/F: Cndarians have a true nervous system

A

nope

82
Q

Describe the nerve organization of Cnidarians

A

mesh of decentralized nerves in a network

83
Q

Cnidarians have a _____ skeletal system

A

hydrostatic

84
Q

Two life stages of cnidarians

A

polyp and medusa

85
Q

4 main groups of Cnidarians

A

scypho-zoansantho-zoanshydro-zoanscuba-zoans

86
Q

Scyphozoans are phlyum ____ and are the _____

A

cnidariajellyfish

87
Q

Anthozoans are phylum ____ and are ____

A

cnidariacoral and sea anemone

88
Q

Hydrozoans are phylum ___ and are ____

A

cnidariahydras

89
Q

Cubazoans are phylum ___ and are ____

A

cnidarianbox jellies

90
Q

Another name for jellyfish are ____ animals

A

“G-cup”

91
Q

T/F: jellyfish are all marine

A

True

92
Q

look at slide 11 lecture 2

A

jellyfish life cycle

93
Q

Which class contain the only freshwater cndarians?

A

Hydrozoa

94
Q

Hydras are ____ in motion and _____ swimmers

A

Sessilecolonial swimmers

95
Q

look at lecture 2 slide 13 for

A

zooids

96
Q

Anthozoans are sometimes referred to as _____ animals

A

flower

97
Q

Anthozoans include what types of animals

A

corals and sea anemones

98
Q

The reef building organisms

A

Coral

99
Q

The spatially dominant animal in reefs

A

coral

100
Q

How do corals grow?

A

vegetative propagation of polyps

101
Q

What gives coral their color? (casual and scientific name)

A

Dinoflagellates (zoozanthellae)

102
Q

Endosymbiotic relationship with cnidarians (color)

A

Dinoflagellates (zoozanthallae)

103
Q

Tropical stone?

A

Reef buidling/ calcium carbonate skeleton

104
Q

Life cycle of corals (4 stages)

A

larvae (planula) -> coral spat -> juvenile corals –> adult coral

105
Q

Cnidarians get ___ and ____ benefits while the dinoflagellates gain ____ and ____

A

trophic and nutritionalshelter and sunlight

106
Q

Corals have a relatively small ____ in relationship to their _____ effect

A

biomassecological effect

107
Q

The keystone species of reefs

A

coral

108
Q

What is coral bleaching?

A

when dinoflagellates leave or are reduced

109
Q

What color are coral when they are bleached

A

white

110
Q

2 reasons for coral bleaching

A

stress responseadaptive bleaching hypothesis (ABH)

111
Q

What is adaptive bleaching hypothesis

A

switching out old symbionts for new, better ones “high risk”

112
Q

Corals are referred to as ecosystem _____

A

engineers!

113
Q

Cubozoa include what type of animals

A

box jellyfish

114
Q

What are the differences between jellyfish and box jellies

A

box jellies have eyes and only 4 tentacles

115
Q

The “sea wasps” of Australia are what class?

A

Cubozoa - box jellies

116
Q

The one phylum separate from Cnidaria that are close to them

A

Phylum Ctenophora

117
Q

Another name for Ctenophores

A

comb jellies

118
Q

What are the major differences between Ctenopores and Cnidarians

A

complete gut (2 openings)no nematocytesall marine

119
Q

How do ctenophores feed?

A

sticky ctene (cilia) projections (8 rows)

120
Q

Ctenes posses how many rows of ctenes?

A

8 rows

121
Q

What are ctenes?

A

cilia-like projections

122
Q

What layer of tissue does muscle come in?

A

mesoderm

123
Q

Two major animal lineages

A

ProtostomesDeuterostomes

124
Q

Two lineages of protostomes

A

LophotrochozoansEcdysozoans

125
Q

Flatworms are what group in lophotrochozoans?

A

Platyhelminthes

126
Q

Ribbon worms are what group in lophotrochozoans?

A

Nemertea

127
Q

Segmented worms are what group in lophotrochozoans?

A

Annelids

128
Q

Roundworms are what group in Ecdysozoans?

A

Nematodes

129
Q

What do Platyhelminthes, Nemerteans, Annelids, and Nematodes have in common?

A

They are all worms and all have members that are parasites

130
Q

Distinguishing characteristic of platyhleminthes

A

flat

131
Q

The simplest animals with bilateral symmetry

A

Flatworms (platyhelminthes)

132
Q

How to flatworms move?

A

cilia on the ventral side

133
Q

_____ is a key way for flatworms to perform bodily functions

A

Diffusion

134
Q

T/F: flatworms have a blind gut

A

True

135
Q

Simple classes of flatworms (4)

A

Turbellaria - planariansTrematoda - flukesMonogeneaCestoda

136
Q

Which type of flatworms are specifically parasitic?

A

Cestoda

137
Q

The attachment structure of cestoda

A

the scolex

138
Q

The segements/pieces of the cestodas are called

A

proglottids (contain eggs and such)

139
Q

Nemerteas (ribbon worms) are ____ -bodied and un- _____

A

soft-bodiedun–segmented

140
Q

Ribbon worms, unlike flatworms have a _____ gut and anus

A

complete gut and anus

141
Q

The simplest animal with a circulatory system

A

Ribbon worms (nemerteas)

142
Q

The special feeding organ of ribbon worms (nemerteas; defining characteristic)

A

Proboscis

143
Q

The proboscis (of ribbon worm/nemertea) is a ______ feeding organ which is _____ from the worm

A

hollow feeding organejected from the worm

144
Q

The defining structures of ribbon worms (nemerteas)

A

Probosics Rhynchocoel

145
Q

What acts as the hydrostatic skeleton for nemerteas (ribbon worms)

A

body wall “muscles” and rhynochocoel

146
Q

T/F: Nemerteans are not effective burrowers

A

FALSE

147
Q

Nemerteans are carnivores, herbivores, or both?

A

Carnivores

148
Q

How do nemberteans feed?

A

Shoot the proboscies out of the body and use toxins/mucous to immobilize and wind in prey

149
Q

Segmented worms are ____. Segmented means

A

Annelids-bodies are series of repeating segments

150
Q

What controls each segment in annelids?

A

ganglion (nerves!)

151
Q

How doe annelids stay moist?

A

gas exchange across body wall

152
Q

Annelids have little kidneys called

A

Nephridia

153
Q

Defining characteristic of annelids=

A

1+ pair of chitinous setae per segment

154
Q

The 4 classes of annelids

A

Poly-chaetes (marine)Oligo-chaetes (mostly freshwater, earthworm)Hiurdinea - leechesPogonophora - deep sea

155
Q

Exclusively marine worms are called

A

polychaetes

156
Q

A majority of annelids are what class?

A

Polychaetes

157
Q

Polychaetes use what for movement?

A

Parapodia (flat outgrowths, vascular)

158
Q

T/F: polychaetes do not have the possibility to burrow

A

FALSE

159
Q

The class of annelids that are all hermaphroditic

A

ologochaetes

160
Q

Leeches belong under the what class of annelids?

A

Hirudinea

161
Q

The only Ecdysozoan worms we are studying are ___

A

nematodes (round worms)

162
Q

The only worms/animals with cuticles are

A

nematodes (round worms)

163
Q

4 major groups of mollsks are

A

chitonsgastropodsbivalvescephalopods

164
Q

Mollusks are in what lineage of animals?

A

Proteosomes -> lophotrochozoans

165
Q

T/F: There is a body standard for being a mollusk?

A

FALSEthey got dissimilar body shapes (no “typical” mollusk)

166
Q

Structure mollusks use for locomotion/clinging

A

the muscular foot

167
Q

Mollusks have what structure that secretes a calcareous shell?

A

the mantel

168
Q

What is it called when the mollusks have all organs centralized in one body area?

A

visceral mass

169
Q

Mollusks have ____ that are used for feeding but are missing in bivalves

A

radula

170
Q

Describe the mollusks body plan (4 things)

A

shellgreatly reduced coelomcomplete digestive systemopen circulatory system (except in cephalpods)

171
Q

Another name for chitons?

A

Polyplacs

172
Q

Describe the distinctive shell of chitons (polyplacs)

A

8 overlapping articulated plates

173
Q

The structure of that acts as a suction cup in chitons is called

A

the girdle

174
Q

How do chitons feed?

A

they are grazers

175
Q

The thin material used to keep the snail from drying out is called the

A

operculum

176
Q

Muscles have ___ instead of radula for feeding

A

gills

177
Q

The only cephalopod with a shell is the

A

Nautilus

178
Q

What 2 things make cephalopods super unique to mollusks

A

close circulatory systemlarge differentiated brain

179
Q

What do cephalopods use to change color?

A

chromataphores

180
Q

Along with chromataphores, squids also have ___ that give them bioluminescence

A

photophores

College Biology & Ecology (28 decks)

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