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Immunology Flashcards

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2
Q

The immune system must be absolutely _____ to not attack normal cells

A

specific

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3
Q

The immune system must be ____ to fight off evolving pathogens

A

adaptive

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4
Q

Two general types of defense

A

Non-specific, and specific

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5
Q

Describe non-specific

A

innate, inherited mechanisms that protect the body from many pathogens

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6
Q

Describe specific defenses

A

adaptive mechs that protect against specific targets

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7
Q

______ tissues are essential parts of the defense system

A

Lymphoid tissues

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8
Q

Blood is in a _____ circulatory system

A

Close circulatory system (CCS)

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9
Q

What three components are suspended in blood?

A

Red, white blood cells and platelets

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10
Q

What blood cells are in the closed circulatory system?

A

Red, white, platelets

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11
Q

What blood cells are found in the lymphatic system

A

White blood cells and platelets

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12
Q

What is lymph?

A

fluids that accumulate outside the CCS in the lymphatic system

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13
Q

The lymphatic system is a _____ system of _____ connecting ______

A

branching, tiny capillaries, larger vessels

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14
Q

Small capillary lymph ducts eventually lead to larger ducts that connects to

A

a major vein near the heart

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15
Q

Lymph nodes and what they contain

A

small round lymph vessels, contain white blood cells

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16
Q

The lymphatic system can be related to a drainage system

A

True

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17
Q

White blood cells are also called ___ and are important in ____

A

leukocytes defense

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18
Q

All blood cells originate from

A

stem cells

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19
Q

Stem cells are located in the

A

bone marrow

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20
Q

What doe white blood cells look like?

A

Clear, and have a nucleus and organelles

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21
Q

Which are bigger white or red blood cells?

A

White

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22
Q

Red blood cells lose their ____ before becoming functional

A

nuclei

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23
Q

Why do red blood cells lose their nuclei before functioning?

A

nuclei = dead weight, room to carry oxygen

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24
Q

Which blood cells can leave the CCS?

A

white blood cells

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25
Q

In response to invading pathogens, white blood cells can ______ to increase the attack with numbers

A

poliferate

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26
Q

Two groups of white blood cells

A

phagocytes and lymphocytes

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27
Q

Phagocytes do what to pathogens?

A

engulf and digest them

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28
Q

Lymphocytes are involved in _____ immunity

A

Specific

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29
Q

Two types of lymphocyte cells

A

B and T cells

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30
Q

B-cells do what?

A

circulate and collect in lymph nodes, make antibodies

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31
Q

T-cells do what?

A

migrate to the thymus, destroy infected cells

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32
Q

Non-specific system works against what type of pathogens

A

ALL

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33
Q

The innate immune system is the _____ protection mechanism to stop pathogens

A

general/basic

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34
Q

List innate defenses

A

skin, bacteria/fungi on the surface of skin (aka normal flora), fluids with lysozyme, mucus/cilia, hydrochloric acid/proteases in the stomach, bile salts

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35
Q

Types of phagocytes

A

neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic

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36
Q

Phagocytes engulf pathogens, that is called

A

phagocytosis

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37
Q

Describe neutrophils

A

most abundant type of white blood cells, attack pathogens and react fast

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38
Q

Describe monocytes

A

phagocytes that mature into macrophages. Live longer and consume more pathogens. Can be mobile in lymphatic system

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39
Q

Describe dendritic cells

A

highly folded plasma membranes to capture pathogens

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40
Q

Neutrophils can only execute a phagocytic event ____ times(s).

A

ONCE

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41
Q

When a neutrophil attacks a pathogen it goes all out in one vigorous _____

A

respiratory burst (aka oxidative burst)

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42
Q

In a respiratory burst, _____ is activated and produces 3 products that kills pathogens

A

NADPH oxidasesuperoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorous acid (chlorine bleach)

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43
Q

What is used to deal with infection of tissue damage?

A

Inflammation response

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44
Q

What happens in an inflammation response?

A

Mast cells and basophils (white blood cells) release histamine, which triggers inflammation

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45
Q

What does histamine do?

A

It triggers inflammation, makes capillaries leaky so plasma and phagocytes can come out

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46
Q

What in the wound attracts phagocytes

A

complement proteins and other chemical signals

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47
Q

Which phagocytes arrive at the tissue damage first?

A

Neutrophils then monocytes

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48
Q

Macrophages are responsible for what in tissue damage

A

cleaning and healing

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49
Q

Macrophages produce what to call immune cells and signal fevers

A

cytokines

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50
Q

What is pus?

A

dead cells and leaked fluid

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51
Q

What alters the immune system of invasion?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

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52
Q

TLRs recognize pathogens by their what?

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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53
Q

Interferons are

A

a warning signal glycoprotein secretion by infected cells

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54
Q

Interfereons increase ______ of neighboring cells to infections by increasing the express of _______

A

resistance; protein kinase R (PKR)

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55
Q

PKR is activated by

A

viral RNA

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56
Q

PKR activation leads to ihibition of all _______

A

protein synthesis

57
Q

Four characteristics of the adaptive immune system

A

specificity, diversity, distinguish, memory

58
Q

Peptides/molecules recognized by T-cell receptors and antibodies

A

antigens

59
Q

Antigenic determinants/epitopes are

A

sites on antigens that the immune system recognizes

60
Q

The host creats _____ that are specific to the antigenic determinants

A

T cells/antibodies

61
Q

Describe diversity

A

the immune system can distinguish and respond to a crap load of antigenic determinants

62
Q

Describe distinguishment

A

the ability to tell normal cells from pathogens

63
Q

Describe immunological memory

A

The immune system remembers the pathogen it was once exposed to to respond more rapidly

64
Q

2 responses of the adaptive immune system

A

humoral and cellualr

65
Q

the humoral and cellular responses have what in common?

A

They share mechanisms

66
Q

Humoral immune response is based on

A

B-cells

67
Q

B-cells produce specific ____ that recognize antigenic determinants by ____

A

antibodies; 3D conformation

68
Q

Antibodies recognize pathogens in

A

extracellular spaces (fluids-“humor”)

69
Q

Cellular response detects antigens where?

A

Inside body cells

70
Q

Cellular response destroys what cells

A

virus-infected/mutated cells

71
Q

Cellular response is mainly made of

A

T-cells

72
Q

T-cells have _____ receptors that recognize and bind specific antigenic determinants

A

T-cell receptors

73
Q

Clonal selection

A

How the body chooses whether to use B or T cells

74
Q

An activated lymphocyte (B/T cell) produces what 2 type of daughter cells?

A

Effector and memory cells

75
Q

Effector B cells are also called ___ and produce ____

A

plasma cells, produce anitbodies

76
Q

Effector of T cells release ____

A

cytokines

77
Q

Describe memory cells

A

live longer and retain the ability to divide quickly to produce more effector and more memory cells

78
Q

When the body encounters an antigen for the first time it tirggers

A

A primary immune response

79
Q

When the body runs into an antigen again

A

a secondary immune response occurs

80
Q

Which is faster, primary or secondary immune response?

A

Secondary

81
Q

Vaccination and immunization shots do what?

A

create artificial immunity - injects the pathogen or just antigenic protein to tigger primary response without making the person sick

82
Q

3 ways to vaccinate without actually making us sick

A

Attenuation, biotechnology, DNA vaccines

83
Q

Ateentuation

A

reducing the toxicity of antigenic molecule

84
Q

Biotechnology

A

makes recombinant antigenic fragments

85
Q

DNA Vaccines

A

Introduce a gene encoding an antigen into the body

86
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

spreads via fecal-oral route, primarily affects children, infections are asymptomatic

87
Q

Salk vaccine

A

the first polio vaccine, injected in the skin

88
Q

Oral Poli vaccine (OPV)

A

a live-attenuated vaccine, longer immunity, and singles out a mutation of virus’ ribosome

89
Q

Failure for the body to tolerate it’s own molecules leads to

A

autoimmune disease

90
Q

Self-tolerance of the body is based on

A

clonal deletion

91
Q

If clonal deletion fails ______ B and T cells that attack the body’s own cells are made

A

bad B T cells

92
Q

examples of autoimmune disease

A

Type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, MS

93
Q

Deletion of B cells happen in the

A

bone marrow

94
Q

Deletion of T cells happen in the

A

Thymus

95
Q

Elimination of B and T cells is by means of ___

A

apoptosis

96
Q

____ cells are the basic component of the humoral immune system

A

B cells

97
Q

For a B cell to differentiate into a plasma cell it must bind an _____

A

antigenic determinant

98
Q

Cellular division and differentiation of the B cell is stimulated by a signal from a _____

A

helper T cell (Th Cell)

99
Q

Activated B cells become

A

plasma cells and memory cells

100
Q

Antibody molecules are proteins call

A

immunoglobulins

101
Q

2 identical ____ chains and two _____ chains make up the tetrameric units

A

light- heavy chains

102
Q

_____ hold the chains together

A

disulfide bonds

103
Q

Both light and heavy chains have ______ and ____ regions

A

variable and constant

104
Q

Constant regions are similar among the ____ and determine the ___

A

immunoglobulins and determine the class of the anibody

105
Q

Variable regions differ in _____ sequences and are responsible for the ____ of antibody specificity

A

amino acid; diversity

106
Q

light/heavy chains in variable regions align to form the

A

binding sites

107
Q

Each tetramer has ___ identical antigen-binding sites making the antibody ____

A

2 ; bivalent

108
Q

Antibody classes

A

IgG MonomerIgM PentamerIgD MonomerIgA DimerIgE MonomerIg - GAMED

109
Q

Genes that code for T-cell receptors are similar to those for ___

A

immunoglobulins

110
Q

T-cell receptors also have both ____ and ___ regions

A

constant and variable regions

111
Q

The major difference between antibodies and T cell receptors

A

T-cell receptors bind ONLY to an antigenic determinant that is displayed on the surface

112
Q

Activated T cells create what 2 types of effector cells?

A

Cytotoxic cells and Helper T cells

113
Q

Cytotoxic cells kill virus cells by

A

causing them to lyse

114
Q

Helper T cells do what?

A

assis in both cellular and humoral immune systems

115
Q

Activated helper T cells do what for B cells and cytotoxic cells?

A

Proliferate and stimulate them to divide

116
Q

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is what?

A

A gene that makes plasma membrane glycoprotiens

117
Q

MHC proteins display what?

A

Antigens

118
Q

3 classes of MHC proteins but we only talk about which two?

A

MHC I and II

119
Q

MHC I proteins are present where?

A

on the surface of every nucleated cell

120
Q

When cellular proteins are degraded in the _____ , what does the MHC I do?

A

proteasome; MHC I brings it out to the plasma membrane to dispose of it

121
Q

How do Cytotoxic T cells and MHC I work together?

A

Degraded protein fragments from the proteosome are brought out to the plasma membrane surface by MHC I where T(c) cells check them, If the T(c) cell binds to the MHC I, it is activated to remove the fragment

122
Q

If its in the EFFECTOR phase, the T(c) cell secretes molecules that ___

A

kill the cell

123
Q

Fas

A

When T(c) cells bind to a specific target cell receptor

124
Q

The binding of Fas inititates

A

apoptosis

125
Q

The T(c) cells help rid the body of _____ and ____

A

virus infected cells and tumors

126
Q

Describe MHC II proteins

A

found mostly on surface of B cells, macrophages and other “pro” antigen-presenting cells

127
Q

MHC II fishes out bad fragments when the aintgen is _____ by B cells

A

Phagocytosed

128
Q

Antibody production (humoral response) needs what components

A

T(H) cells B cell

129
Q

What goes first activation phase of effector phase?

A

Activaton

130
Q

T(h) cell with a specific ____ receptor can bind to an antigen from an antigen presenting ___

A

T-cell; macrophage

131
Q

T-helper cells activate when it binds to and ____ from a macrophage and then produce a _____ population of identical T-helper cells

A

Antigen, clonal

132
Q

In the effector stage, an antigen of the same sort must also be recognized by a specific ____ receptor on the surface of a ____ cell

A

IgM ; B cell

133
Q

B cell ingests and degrades the antigen and passes it to a _____ protein on its cell surface

A

MHC II

134
Q

In the effector stage one of the ___ cells created int he activation stage recognizes the antigen on the surface of the B cell

A

T-helper

135
Q

The t-helper cell then release _____ which activate B cell replication and differentiation into plasma cells and memory cells

A

Cytokines

136
Q

What secretes antibodies?

A

Plasma Cells

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