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College Biology & Ecology > Nutrition, Digestion, Absorption > Flashcards

Nutrition, Digestion, Absorption Flashcards

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2
Q

Heterotrophs

A

Gain nutrients by eating other organisms

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3
Q

Autotrophs

A

Solar energy => photosynthesis

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4
Q

T/F: heterotrophs depend on organic synthesis of autotrophs

A

True

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5
Q

A calorie

A

Heat needed to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius

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6
Q

1 Cal =

A

1000 calories , 1kcal

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7
Q

1 joule =

A

0.239 cal

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8
Q

Metabolic rate

A

Measure of overall energy that needs to be met by food

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9
Q

Three sources of energy for the body

A

Fats, carbs, proteins

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10
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

Metabolic rate at rest / rate to perform body functions at rest

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11
Q

T/F: Physical activity does not increase basal metabolic rate

A

False

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12
Q

Describe the order of substance the body uses as an energy source.

A
  1. Fats - more energy/gram and compact for storage b/c little H2O2. Carbs- stored in liver and muscle as glycogen3. Protein- metabolized as a last resort
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13
Q

Undernourishment

A

Too little food intake- own cells are metabolized. Body functions impairedCarbs to fat to proteins

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14
Q

Overnourishment

A

Too much intake- increased body massCarbs to fat to protein reserves filled and fat turns into body fat

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15
Q

T/F: humans digest outside the body

A

True

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16
Q

The body cavity where food is processed

A

The gut

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17
Q

T/F: The digestive system is continuous with the outside world

A

True

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18
Q

Enzymes secreted that break down food are from (general)

A

Exocrine glands

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19
Q

Describe general process of protein digestion

A

Broken down into amino acids, function differently in different species. If it entered the gut directly the immune system would pwn it

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20
Q

8 essential amino acids for humans

A

TTMV PILLTryptophanThreonineValinePhenylalanineIsoleucineLeucineLysine

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21
Q

You are outside the body as long as you don’t cross the plasma membrane

A

True

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22
Q

Three main parts of digestive tract (general)

A

Mouth, gut (tubular), anus

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23
Q

Villi and microvilli increase what in the intestine? What happens As a result?

A

Increases surface area.Absorption is maximized

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24
Q

Layers of the gut, inside to out

A

LumenMucosaSubmucosaCirculatory layerLongitudinal layerEnteric nervous systemPeritonium

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25
Q

The lumen

A

Center/ cavity of the gut

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26
Q

Mucosa

A

Epithelium lining + connective tissue (blood vessels and glands)

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27
Q

Submucosa

A

Neural networkIncludes two muscle layers: Circular layer and longitudinal(takes part in stomach aches)

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28
Q

Enteric nerve system

A

Nerve nets of neurons of the gut

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29
Q

Petronium

A

Slimey layer that prevents organs from chafing

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30
Q

Hydrolytic enzymes are

A

Digestive enzymes

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31
Q

Paritoid gland is

A

The top salivary gland

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32
Q

Sublingual / submandibular gland

A

Bottom salivary gland

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33
Q

Salivary glands secrete

A

Mucus an amylase

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34
Q

Mucus is

A

Mucin (glycosylated proteins) and inorganic salts in H2O

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35
Q

Amylase is

A

Carbohydrase that turns starch into maltose

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36
Q

Bolus is

A

Ball of food that is covered in mucus/saliva that slides down the esophagus

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37
Q

How do salivary glands help swallow food

A

It covers the oral cavity and esophagus in mucus

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38
Q

Food touches epithelial cells as it gets processed through the body

A

False

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39
Q

Saliva solubizes dry food so it can go down without scratching the throat

A

True

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40
Q

Describe how saliva takes care of oral hygiene

A

Constantly flushes mouthContains lysozyme that lyses bacteria

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41
Q

What enzyme breaks down starch and what does it turn it in to?

A

Amylase and turns it into maltose

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42
Q

Is amylase present in large quantities in carnivores?

A

No

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43
Q

Stomach fluid is made of what

A

HCl

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44
Q

What is a zymogen

A

Inactive enzyme precursor

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45
Q

The exocrine part of the pancreas secretes

A

Bicarbonate into the small intestine to neutralize HCl

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46
Q

Protein is stored for energy

A

FLASE

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47
Q

Describe the make-up and properties of fat

A

Anhydrous - hydrophobic tail/hydrophilic headSaturated with C-H bonds (triglycerides; hydrocarbons)Reside in adipose tissue

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48
Q

Circular layer

A

In SubmucosaConstricts gut

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49
Q

Longitudinal muscle

A

In Submucosa Lengthens gut

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50
Q

Circular and longitudinal muscle layers take part in

A

Peristalsis

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51
Q

Two substances that activate pepsinogen

A

HClPepsin

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52
Q

Autocatalysis and what type of feedback? Give an example

A

A substance can cleave its own inactive state to produce more active enzymeEx: pepsinogen and pepsin

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53
Q

An Enteric nervous system

A

One that can act on its own (ex: digestion in a coma)

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54
Q

When looking at digestion you are looking at the _____

A

Peritonium

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55
Q

Mucous = Mucus =

A

cellsLiquid in salivary glands

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56
Q

Lysozyme and potency

A

Agent in saliva that kills bacteria, but only bacteria not strong enough to escape it

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57
Q

Stomachs main function

A

To STORE food

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58
Q

Which is faster in the stomach: ingestion or digestion?

A

Ingestion

59
Q

Digestion mainly happens in the

A

Small intestine

60
Q

The Jejunum is part of what organ and what does it do?

A

Small intestine and absorption

61
Q

Ileum is part of of what organ and function?

A

Small intestine and absorption

62
Q

The duodenum is part of what organ and what’s its function

A

Small intestine and digestion

63
Q

The duodenum requires help from _____ organs. They are the ____ and _____

A

Accessory organs and pancreas and liver

64
Q

What are the accessory organs and are they a part of the digestive system?

A

Pancreas and liver. No they are not

65
Q

What does the liver do for the digestive system

A

Secretes bile to break down fats

66
Q

A zymogenic cell contains lots of

A

Rough ERs

67
Q

Where is the pepsinogen protein modified?

A

Zymogenic cell

68
Q

The parietal cell has lots of

A

Mitochondria to create energy for anti-porters using ATP

69
Q

Partially digested food

A

Chyme

70
Q

Major enzyme produced by the stomach?

A

Pepsin

71
Q

Describe the act of HCl activating pepsin from pepsinogen

A

The inactive pepsinogen has a masking sequence that falls off in low pH conditions (HCl) and reveals the active site

72
Q

True/False: pepsin is a protease

A

True

73
Q

What is secreted by stomach cells to prevent what from digesting the stomach?

A

Mucus prevents proteases and HCl from digesting the stomach

74
Q

What develops when the stomach is directly exposed to HCl/pepsin

A

Stomach ulcers

75
Q

Stomach ulcer is cause by what specific bacterium

A

Helicobacter pylori

76
Q

What causes urease to convert urea to bicarbonate and ammonium?

A

Bacteria

77
Q

Muscles of the stomach walls ____ and ____ to mix contents with stomach secretions

A

Contract and expand

78
Q

What type of contractions push the chyme into the digestive organs?

A

Peristaltic conteactions

79
Q

What is the opening to the small intestine called?

A

Pyloric sphincter

80
Q

Properties of the small intestine

A

Long but small in diameterSurface area the size of a tennis court3 structural parts

81
Q

What are the 3 parts of the small intestine

A

DuodenumJejunumIleum

82
Q

Through what does the liver secrete bile?

A

Common bile duct into the duodenum

83
Q

What organ stores bile until needed?

A

Gallbladder

84
Q

What does the pancreas do for digestion?

A

Secretes digestive enzymes and bicarbonate

85
Q

Bile is mainly made of what and acts as

A

Salts - emulsifiers

86
Q

Another name for emulsifiers and what does it do?

A

Surfactants- cuts up fat into smaller chunks to increase surface area

87
Q

What are the small chunks of fat called?

A

Micelles

88
Q

T/F:Emulsifiers have a lipophilic and lipophobic end

A

True

89
Q

Lipases break down fats into ______ and ____ so they are able to pass through the microvilli

A

Di/monoglycerides and fatty acids

90
Q

Once inside the cell glycerides and fatty acids are re-synthesized into ______

A

Chylomicrons

91
Q

Chylomicrons are

A

Water soluble “lipoprotiens”

92
Q

What do chylomicrons enter the blood through?

A

Thoracic ducts

93
Q

Chylomicrons also pass into which two tissues?

A

Lymph vessels and Submucosa

94
Q

Bile acids are synthesized from what

A

Cholesterol

95
Q

What percent of bile is recycled and where

A

90% in the liver

96
Q

Process of recycling bile is called

A

Enterohepatic circulation

97
Q

What percent of bile is lost and where?

A

10% in poop, the major elimination method of cholesterol

98
Q

Bolus enters the stomach through the

A

The lower esophageal sphincter

99
Q

Lipoproteins consist of

A

A core of fat and cholesterol covered in apoliproteins

100
Q

What allows lipoproteins to be water soluble?

A

Apoliproteins

101
Q

Lipoproteins are _____ in the circulatory system

A

0

102
Q

Lipoproteins are classified according to ______ . The more fat the ______ they are.

A

Density, the more fat the less dense

103
Q

Chylomicrons are the _____ form of lipoproteins

A

Largest

104
Q

What carries fat from intestines to liver and adipose tissue?

A

Chylomicrons

105
Q

Which lipoproteins carry new triglycerides from the liver to adipose tissue?

A

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)

106
Q

What lipoproteins carry cholesterol from the liver to the cells of the body? Good or bad cholesterol?

A

Low density (LDL)

107
Q

What lipoproteins collect cholesterol from cells and bring it to the liver? Good or bad?

A

High density (HDL)Good

108
Q

High LDL to HDL ratio is a risk for what?

A

Atherosclerotic heart disease

109
Q

Which part of the pancreas plays a part in digestion?

A

The exocrine portion

110
Q

The exocrine part of the pancreas releases digestive enzymes as

A

Zymogen

111
Q

What zymogen enzyme does the pancreas secrete

A

Trypsinogen

112
Q

What activates trypsinogen and where?

A

Activated by enterokinase in the duodenum

113
Q

What produces the enterokinase for enzyme activation?

A

The cell lining of the duodenum

114
Q

Through what process can active trypsin perform to activate trypsinogen

A

Autocatalysis

115
Q

The exocrine part of the pang read secretes what to neutralize stomach HCl?

A

Bicarbonate

116
Q

T/F:!Only the smallest products of digestion can pass through the mucosa

A

True

117
Q

Final digestion takes place where?

A

At the microvilli

118
Q

Another name for where final digestion takes place?

A

Apical plasma membrane

119
Q

What resides on microvilli membranes that cleave proteins?

A

Peptidases

120
Q

What other “-ases” do the epithelial walls of the intestine produce? (to break down polysaccharides)

A

Maltase, lactase, and sucrase

121
Q

What action pushes contents into the large intestine?

A

Peristalsis

122
Q

What is another name of the large intestine

A

The colon

123
Q

What does the colon absorb ad what is the product of that

A

Absorbs water and ions, makes feces out of indigestibles

124
Q

Too much water absorption =Too little =

A

ConstipationDiarrhea

125
Q

What bacteria lives in the colon and what does it do?

A

Escherichia coli- makes vitamin k and biotin

126
Q

Why is it bad to take antibiotics

A

0

127
Q

The logic in producing an inactive enzyme first is that

A

There is no damage to the tissue of the cell producing it

128
Q

Blood vessels are connected to the _____ and ____ via _____

A

Parietal cell and lumen of the gastric pit via anti-porters

129
Q

The parietal cell is connected to the lumen of the gastric pit via

A

Anti-porters and ion channels

130
Q

What is the product of metabolism

A

CO2

131
Q

In the parietal cell, CO2 reacts with what to make what and forms what as a by-product?

A

Water to make H2CO3 and forms bicarbonate as a by-product

132
Q

The catalyst for the reaction between water and CO2 is

A

Carbonic anhydrase

133
Q

Synthesized bicarbonate diffuses into the _____ while what ion comes in at the same time?

A

Bicarbonate diffuses into the blood stream while Cl- ions flow in

134
Q

What ion constantly enters the parietal cell from the lumen of the gastric pit while which ion from the CO2 and water reaction goes in the opposite direction to the lumen?

A

K+ enters parietal from the lumen and H+ enters lumen from parietal

135
Q

Once the H+ ion enters the lumen

A

It reacts with the Cl- ions to makeHCl the stomach acid

136
Q

In the stomach, HCl is _____ and acts as a _____ to any bad substances

A

Acid-label and acts a defense

137
Q

What does acid-label mean

A

Anything that can be acted on by acid (HCl)

138
Q

What is the function of pepsin in the stomach?

A

To break down proteins at the tertiary structure

139
Q

What type of cell secrets pepsinogen

A

Chief/zymogenic cell

140
Q

Which cell secretes HCl?

A

The parietal cell

141
Q

Where do gastric glands reside?

A

In the lining of the stomach

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