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College Biology & Ecology > Plant Hormones > Flashcards

Plant Hormones Flashcards

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2
Q

Stages of the embryo developmental stage

A

Early embryogenesisMid embryogenesis +Seed developmentGermination

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3
Q

Stages of seedling growth

A

Triple Response (Phase I)Etiolated GrowthDe-etiolation (greening)

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4
Q

Stages of a mature plants growth

A

Growth/Tropic GrowthShoot branching/Lateral Bud GrowthRoot branching/later bud growthSenescenceStomate controlFlowering

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5
Q

Stages of a plants reproductive effort

A

Fruit developmentFruit Ripening

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6
Q

List all hormones involved in the plant growth

A

Abscisic Acid (ABA)AuxinBrassinosteroidsCytokininsEthyleneGibberellinsJasmonatesOligosaccharinsSalicylic AcidSystemin(AAB-CEG-JOSS)

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7
Q

AAB-CEG-JOSS

A

my way of remembering all hormones

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8
Q

What happens during early embryogenesis (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Plant cells develop into different organs-polarity (shoot vs leaf; organ development)-histo-differentiation (different tissue cells develop)Nutrition of the embryo-nutrition provided by the endosperm

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9
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

Tissue that surrounds the embryo that provides nutrition

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10
Q

What happens during mid embryogenesis/seed development (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Embryo stops growing-Embryo maturity (due to allowing it to go through dormancy)Stores nutrients-Starch reserve accumulationSeed dries out to keep embryo at a specific size-seed dormancyHormones make sure endosperm has a large enough storage of starch/nutrients-“desiccation tolerance”

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11
Q

What happens during fruit develpoment? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Fruit growth

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12
Q

What happens during fruit ripening? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Fruit ripening

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13
Q

What happens during germination? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Embryo emerges from the seed-germinationEmbryo uses stored starch-reserve mobilization

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14
Q

What happens during Triple Response (Phase I) ? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Plant fattens/lateral growth-radial swellingSprout starts bending over-apical hookSprout grows with its tip pointing down at an angle/how ever the hell it wants-agravitropic growth (independent of gravity)

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15
Q

What happens during etiolated growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

DISCLAIMER: only happens in the darkplant grows really really tall really fast-etiolated growth; cell wall loosening and elongationplants will be white (DO NOT turn green)-Inhibition of plastid differentiation/chloroplast maturation

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16
Q

What happens during de-etiolated growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Leaves expandPlant stops growing vertically-stem elongation inhibited;endosperm reserve goes to turning plant greenPlant turns green-chloroplasts develop thylakoid stacksDevelops photosynthesis ability-gene expression for light-dependent processes

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17
Q

What happens during Growth/Tropic Growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Plant grows toward light-phototropism (blue light)Plant develops each section of its body-embryonic pattern formation; all parts of the body grows as a whole

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18
Q

What happens during shoot branching/lateral bud growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Branches in the plant grow-trade off of effects of hormones to promote and inhibit shoot branching/lateral bud growth

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19
Q

What happens during root branching/lateral bud growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Roots branch out in specific sections-interaction between hormones (auxin/cyto) to stop and start root branch growing; some develop in accordance to stress, more stress=less growing

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20
Q

What happens in senescence? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Leaves fall off-leaves transfer nutrients to the shoots then fall off

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21
Q

What happens in stomate control? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Stomatas close-in reaction to stress the stomata close/opening through signaling by hormones

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22
Q

What happnens in flowering? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Regulation of flowering-hormones lead to 2-component regulators that determine when/if plants flower

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23
Q

What hormones are involved in 2-component regulators and in what process?

A

ethylene –> Triple Responsephytochrome –> FloweringCK

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24
Q

Actions of Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

seed dormancy (mid embryogenesis)de-etiolation (inhibits BR)closes stomatasenescencecontrols lateral root growth

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25
Q

Actions of Auxin

A

polarity and cell differentiationstem elongationstops shoot branchingpromotes root branchingphototropismfruit growthopens stomata

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26
Q

Actions of Brassinosteroids (BR)

A

stem elongation and pollen tubesvascular tissue differentiationbasically only involved in etiolated growth

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27
Q

Actions of Cytokinins (CK)

A

Embryo nutritionshoot branching (cell division and later growth)Inhibits root branchinginhibits senescenceFruit growth

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28
Q

Actions of Ethylene

A

Triple ResponseFruit ripeninginhibits all cell growth (and gravitropism)senescence

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29
Q

Actions of Gibberellins (GA)

A

Embryo nutritionFruit developmentBreaks dormancygermination (mobilizes nutrition)elongated growth (shoot growth)

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30
Q

Jasmonates

A

defense against pathogens/herbivores

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31
Q

Oligosaccharins

A

defense against pathogenscell differentiationlimits auxin concentrations

32
Q

Salicylic Acid

A

resistance to pathogens

33
Q

Systemin

A

Jasmonate production in response to tissue damages

34
Q

Strigo-lactones?

A

Random other hormone that inhibits shoot branching

35
Q

Describe the hormone response process in early ebryogenesis

A

1) Auxin - polarity, histo-differentiation2) CK - nutrition of embryo3) GA - nutrition of embryo

36
Q

Describe the hormone response process in

A

1)ABA-embryo maturation-reserve accumulation-dormancy-dessication tolerance

37
Q

Describe the hormone response process in germination

A

1)GA - reserve mobilization

38
Q

Describe the hormone response process in Triple Response

A

1) Ethylene - Radial swelling - apical hook - agravitropic growth

39
Q

Describe the hormone response process in etiolated growth

A

1) Brassinosteroid (BR) - promotes cell elongation (shoot) - inhibits chloroplast maturation2) Auxin and GA are complement hormones to this process

40
Q

Describe the hormone response process in De-etiolated growth

A

1) ABA-expands leaves- inhibits BR; uses endosperm reserves to “green” the plant-develop chloroplasts (thylakoids)-grants ability for light-dependent reactions

41
Q

Describe the hormone response process in growth/tropic growth

A

1) Auxin-elongation with phototropism-forms differentiated body patterns/organs2) ABA - stops growing3) Ethylene - stops growing

42
Q

Describe the hormone response process in shoot branching/lateral bud growth

A

1) Auxin - first keeps shoot branching inhibited (“energy to grow upward”)2) Cytokinin promotes shoot branching3)Strigo-lactones stop shoot branching

43
Q

Describe the hormone response process in root branching/lateral bud growth

A

1) Auxin - starts with growing root branching2) CK - stops branching3) ABA - controls root elongation in reference to stress (mild = grow ; severe = no elongation)

44
Q

Describe the hormone response process in senescence

A

1) CK- keeps leaves from falling off2) Ethylene - makes leaves fall off3) ABA - makes leaves fall off

45
Q

Describe the hormone response process in Stomtate control

A

1) ABA - closes stomata in response to stress2) Auxin - opens stomata

46
Q

Describe the hormone response process in flowering

A

1) Phytochrome mediated- response to red and far red light

47
Q

What is a phytocrhome?

A

a photoreceptor pigment that is directed towards red and far red light to regulate the time of flowering

48
Q

Which hormone(s) are not plant specific?

A

ABA

49
Q

Hormones that cause de-repression

A

Auxin,, ABA, BR, Ethylene, GA”AABEG”

50
Q

Antagonistic relationship of hormones for morphology

A

Auxin vs Cytokinin

51
Q

The inhibitor of germination

A

ABA

52
Q

The inhibitor of the triple response

A

light

53
Q

What is the foolish seedling?

A

The mutant of germination, plant grows super tall too fast and then is too weak and dwindles over

54
Q

One fruit can also ripen surrounding fruits due to

A

ethylene gas

55
Q

Describe GA’s process of mobilizing embryo reserves for germination

A

1) GA signals aleurone (receptors on the cell surface & nucleus)2) 2nd messengers create 2 pathways: Ca2+ and cGMP3) synthesizes amylase and sends it to endosperm to absorb starch4) hydrolizes starch to GLC5)GLC absorbed by embryo for growth

56
Q

Describe cgMP pathway for germination

A

1) GA binds to surface/nuclear receptor2) it binds ubiquitin + proteosome to degrade the repressor 3)gene expression for the synthesis of amylase happens4) regulator promotes amylase secretion

57
Q

Describe Ca2+ pathway for germination

A

Ca2+ from vacuoles directly promotes amylase secretion

58
Q

What physical attribute induces ethylene synthesis

A

pressure

59
Q

Describe the mechanism for the triple response

A

1) Pressure from the soil induces ethylene synthesis2) attaches to 2 component regulators and crosses PM (photoreceptor-cytokines)3) ER membrane receptor binds ethylene4) CTR1 repressor removed5) EIN 2/3 activates gene expressionv (through downstream activators)

60
Q

What parts are the 2 component regulators?

A

sensor kinase & response regulator

61
Q

Which is the only hormone that binds to ER in the plant

A

Ethylene

62
Q

During etiolated growth what color are the plants

A

white

63
Q

Describe the mechanism for etiolated growth

A

1) BR binds to receptor dimers on PM surface2) phosphorylation cascade3) de-repression of kinase (de-phosphorilates) and transcripton factors4) activated transcription factors promote gene expression

64
Q

In order for genes to be activated by BR, the transcription factors have to undergo

A

de-phosphorilation

65
Q

Auxin receptors are

A

membrane and cytoplasmic

66
Q

Describe the growth/ tropic growth mechanisms

A

1) auxin does the exact de-repression process GA does for reserve mobilization2) Acid growth3) Long term de-repression

67
Q

What is acid growth and describe the mech for it

A

wall loosening1) proton pump creats a pH gradient 2) gradient creates a cell ANION trap(regular Auxin is neutral in cell wall then H+ pumps make it acidic in the cell to loosen it ph=4)

68
Q

Mech for shoot branching/lateral bud growth

A

Auxin is produced in the shoot and transported to the rootsInterchange of Aux and CK/Strigo-lactones in growing branches

69
Q

Mech for root branching/lateral bud growth

A

CK produced in roots transports to shootsExchange of Aux a and CK /ABA in branching rootsABA response to stress in growing root branches

70
Q

Mech for senescence

A

1) CK 2 component receptors-works the same way EXCEPT this time active form is phosphorliated

71
Q

Stomate control mech

A

1) De-repression by ABA (G-proteins, 2ndary messengers etc)

72
Q

Flowering Mech

A

response to red and far red light (SDP and LDP)long night periods flower SDPshort night periods flower LDP

73
Q

mutant to growth/tropic growth

A

axr

74
Q

mutant to etiolated growth

A

hy (blind)det (de-etiolated)cop (constitutively photomophogenic)

75
Q

ABA deficiency leads to

A

short and wilty plants due to not being able to close stomata

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