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Plant Hormones Flashcards

2
Q

Stages of the embryo developmental stage

A

Early embryogenesisMid embryogenesis +Seed developmentGermination

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3
Q

Stages of seedling growth

A

Triple Response (Phase I)Etiolated GrowthDe-etiolation (greening)

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4
Q

Stages of a mature plants growth

A

Growth/Tropic GrowthShoot branching/Lateral Bud GrowthRoot branching/later bud growthSenescenceStomate controlFlowering

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5
Q

Stages of a plants reproductive effort

A

Fruit developmentFruit Ripening

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6
Q

List all hormones involved in the plant growth

A

Abscisic Acid (ABA)AuxinBrassinosteroidsCytokininsEthyleneGibberellinsJasmonatesOligosaccharinsSalicylic AcidSystemin(AAB-CEG-JOSS)

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7
Q

AAB-CEG-JOSS

A

my way of remembering all hormones

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8
Q

What happens during early embryogenesis (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Plant cells develop into different organs-polarity (shoot vs leaf; organ development)-histo-differentiation (different tissue cells develop)Nutrition of the embryo-nutrition provided by the endosperm

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9
Q

What is the endosperm?

A

Tissue that surrounds the embryo that provides nutrition

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10
Q

What happens during mid embryogenesis/seed development (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Embryo stops growing-Embryo maturity (due to allowing it to go through dormancy)Stores nutrients-Starch reserve accumulationSeed dries out to keep embryo at a specific size-seed dormancyHormones make sure endosperm has a large enough storage of starch/nutrients-“desiccation tolerance”

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11
Q

What happens during fruit develpoment? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Fruit growth

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12
Q

What happens during fruit ripening? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Fruit ripening

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13
Q

What happens during germination? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Embryo emerges from the seed-germinationEmbryo uses stored starch-reserve mobilization

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14
Q

What happens during Triple Response (Phase I) ? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Plant fattens/lateral growth-radial swellingSprout starts bending over-apical hookSprout grows with its tip pointing down at an angle/how ever the hell it wants-agravitropic growth (independent of gravity)

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15
Q

What happens during etiolated growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

DISCLAIMER: only happens in the darkplant grows really really tall really fast-etiolated growth; cell wall loosening and elongationplants will be white (DO NOT turn green)-Inhibition of plastid differentiation/chloroplast maturation

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16
Q

What happens during de-etiolated growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Leaves expandPlant stops growing vertically-stem elongation inhibited;endosperm reserve goes to turning plant greenPlant turns green-chloroplasts develop thylakoid stacksDevelops photosynthesis ability-gene expression for light-dependent processes

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17
Q

What happens during Growth/Tropic Growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Plant grows toward light-phototropism (blue light)Plant develops each section of its body-embryonic pattern formation; all parts of the body grows as a whole

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18
Q

What happens during shoot branching/lateral bud growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Branches in the plant grow-trade off of effects of hormones to promote and inhibit shoot branching/lateral bud growth

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19
Q

What happens during root branching/lateral bud growth? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Roots branch out in specific sections-interaction between hormones (auxin/cyto) to stop and start root branch growing; some develop in accordance to stress, more stress=less growing

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20
Q

What happens in senescence? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Leaves fall off-leaves transfer nutrients to the shoots then fall off

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21
Q

What happens in stomate control? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Stomatas close-in reaction to stress the stomata close/opening through signaling by hormones

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22
Q

What happnens in flowering? (say the general action and then try to go scientifically)

A

Regulation of flowering-hormones lead to 2-component regulators that determine when/if plants flower

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23
Q

What hormones are involved in 2-component regulators and in what process?

A

ethylene –> Triple Responsephytochrome –> FloweringCK

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24
Q

Actions of Abscisic acid (ABA)

A

seed dormancy (mid embryogenesis)de-etiolation (inhibits BR)closes stomatasenescencecontrols lateral root growth

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25
Q

Actions of Auxin

A

polarity and cell differentiationstem elongationstops shoot branchingpromotes root branchingphototropismfruit growthopens stomata

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26
Actions of Brassinosteroids (BR)
stem elongation and pollen tubesvascular tissue differentiationbasically only involved in etiolated growth
27
Actions of Cytokinins (CK)
Embryo nutritionshoot branching (cell division and later growth)Inhibits root branchinginhibits senescenceFruit growth
28
Actions of Ethylene
Triple ResponseFruit ripeninginhibits all cell growth (and gravitropism)senescence
29
Actions of Gibberellins (GA)
Embryo nutritionFruit developmentBreaks dormancygermination (mobilizes nutrition)elongated growth (shoot growth)
30
Jasmonates
defense against pathogens/herbivores
31
Oligosaccharins
defense against pathogenscell differentiationlimits auxin concentrations
32
Salicylic Acid
resistance to pathogens
33
Systemin
Jasmonate production in response to tissue damages
34
Strigo-lactones?
Random other hormone that inhibits shoot branching
35
Describe the hormone response process in early ebryogenesis
1) Auxin - polarity, histo-differentiation2) CK - nutrition of embryo3) GA - nutrition of embryo
36
Describe the hormone response process in
1)ABA-embryo maturation-reserve accumulation-dormancy-dessication tolerance
37
Describe the hormone response process in germination
1)GA - reserve mobilization
38
Describe the hormone response process in Triple Response
1) Ethylene - Radial swelling - apical hook - agravitropic growth
39
Describe the hormone response process in etiolated growth
1) Brassinosteroid (BR) - promotes cell elongation (shoot) - inhibits chloroplast maturation2) Auxin and GA are complement hormones to this process
40
Describe the hormone response process in De-etiolated growth
1) ABA-expands leaves- inhibits BR; uses endosperm reserves to "green" the plant-develop chloroplasts (thylakoids)-grants ability for light-dependent reactions
41
Describe the hormone response process in growth/tropic growth
1) Auxin-elongation with phototropism-forms differentiated body patterns/organs2) ABA - stops growing3) Ethylene - stops growing
42
Describe the hormone response process in shoot branching/lateral bud growth
1) Auxin - first keeps shoot branching inhibited ("energy to grow upward")2) Cytokinin promotes shoot branching3)Strigo-lactones stop shoot branching
43
Describe the hormone response process in root branching/lateral bud growth
1) Auxin - starts with growing root branching2) CK - stops branching3) ABA - controls root elongation in reference to stress (mild = grow ; severe = no elongation)
44
Describe the hormone response process in senescence
1) CK- keeps leaves from falling off2) Ethylene - makes leaves fall off3) ABA - makes leaves fall off
45
Describe the hormone response process in Stomtate control
1) ABA - closes stomata in response to stress2) Auxin - opens stomata
46
Describe the hormone response process in flowering
1) Phytochrome mediated- response to red and far red light
47
What is a phytocrhome?
a photoreceptor pigment that is directed towards red and far red light to regulate the time of flowering
48
Which hormone(s) are not plant specific?
ABA
49
Hormones that cause de-repression
Auxin,, ABA, BR, Ethylene, GA"AABEG"
50
Antagonistic relationship of hormones for morphology
Auxin vs Cytokinin
51
The inhibitor of germination
ABA
52
The inhibitor of the triple response
light
53
What is the foolish seedling?
The mutant of germination, plant grows super tall too fast and then is too weak and dwindles over
54
One fruit can also ripen surrounding fruits due to
ethylene gas
55
Describe GA's process of mobilizing embryo reserves for germination
1) GA signals aleurone (receptors on the cell surface & nucleus)2) 2nd messengers create 2 pathways: Ca2+ and cGMP3) synthesizes amylase and sends it to endosperm to absorb starch4) hydrolizes starch to GLC5)GLC absorbed by embryo for growth
56
Describe cgMP pathway for germination
1) GA binds to surface/nuclear receptor2) it binds ubiquitin + proteosome to degrade the repressor 3)gene expression for the synthesis of amylase happens4) regulator promotes amylase secretion
57
Describe Ca2+ pathway for germination
Ca2+ from vacuoles directly promotes amylase secretion
58
What physical attribute induces ethylene synthesis
pressure
59
Describe the mechanism for the triple response
1) Pressure from the soil induces ethylene synthesis2) attaches to 2 component regulators and crosses PM (photoreceptor-cytokines)3) ER membrane receptor binds ethylene4) CTR1 repressor removed5) EIN 2/3 activates gene expressionv (through downstream activators)
60
What parts are the 2 component regulators?
sensor kinase & response regulator
61
Which is the only hormone that binds to ER in the plant
Ethylene
62
During etiolated growth what color are the plants
white
63
Describe the mechanism for etiolated growth
1) BR binds to receptor dimers on PM surface2) phosphorylation cascade3) de-repression of kinase (de-phosphorilates) and transcripton factors4) activated transcription factors promote gene expression
64
In order for genes to be activated by BR, the transcription factors have to undergo
de-phosphorilation
65
Auxin receptors are
membrane and cytoplasmic
66
Describe the growth/ tropic growth mechanisms
1) auxin does the exact de-repression process GA does for reserve mobilization2) Acid growth3) Long term de-repression
67
What is acid growth and describe the mech for it
wall loosening1) proton pump creats a pH gradient 2) gradient creates a cell ANION trap(regular Auxin is neutral in cell wall then H+ pumps make it acidic in the cell to loosen it ph=4)
68
Mech for shoot branching/lateral bud growth
Auxin is produced in the shoot and transported to the rootsInterchange of Aux and CK/Strigo-lactones in growing branches
69
Mech for root branching/lateral bud growth
CK produced in roots transports to shootsExchange of Aux a and CK /ABA in branching rootsABA response to stress in growing root branches
70
Mech for senescence
1) CK 2 component receptors-works the same way EXCEPT this time active form is phosphorliated
71
Stomate control mech
1) De-repression by ABA (G-proteins, 2ndary messengers etc)
72
Flowering Mech
response to red and far red light (SDP and LDP)long night periods flower SDPshort night periods flower LDP
73
mutant to growth/tropic growth
axr
74
mutant to etiolated growth
hy (blind)det (de-etiolated)cop (constitutively photomophogenic)
75
ABA deficiency leads to
short and wilty plants due to not being able to close stomata

College Biology & Ecology (28 decks)

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