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College Biology & Ecology > Sensory Systems > Flashcards

Sensory Systems Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
2
Q

Sensory receptor cells

A

transduce physical/chemical stimuli into signals taht are transmittable/interpretable

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3
Q

Most sensory cells are ______ . specialized for different stimuli

A

modified neurons

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4
Q

Membrane receptor proteins

A

a component of sensory cells that detect a stimulus and respond by altering the flow of ions across the plasma membrane

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5
Q

Sensory cells transduce energy into

A

action potentials

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6
Q

First step in sensory cells is

A

activation of a receptor protein by stimuli

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7
Q

After the the stimuli is recognized, the receptor protein

A

opens/closes ion channels

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8
Q

Machanoreceptor

A

response to pressure

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9
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

response to taste/smell

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10
Q

Lightreceptor

A

responds to light…

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11
Q

The change in membrane potential causes the sensory cell to ____ or change its secretion of a ____ to a neuron that will fire the potential

A

fire an action potential ; neurotransmitter

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12
Q

Intensity of the stimuli is related to the ____ of the action potential

A

frequency

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13
Q

sensory cells form

A

sensory organs

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14
Q

sensory systems include

A

sensory cells, associated structures, and neuronal networks

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15
Q

Sensory data are basically

A

depolarization events

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16
Q

Sensory data can be interpreted in different ways depending on

A

the different places and cells in the CNS where messages arrive (heat, pressure, movement)

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17
Q

Information can be sensed without being conscious

A

True

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18
Q

ionotropic sensory detection

A

receptor protein is a part of the ion channel

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19
Q

How does a ionotropic sensory detector open and close channel pores?

A

changes it conformation

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20
Q

metabotropic sensory detection

A

receptor protein is link to a G protein

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21
Q

How does a metabotropic sensory detector work?

A

It activates a cascade of intracellualr events that open/close channels

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22
Q

Pressure involves ________ receptors while taste/smell and light involve ________ receptors

A

ionotropic ; metabotropic

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23
Q

To feel the stimuli, the receptor must trigger an _______ to be transmitted

A

action potential

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24
Q

A change in the resting membrane potential of a sensory cell in response to stimuli is

A

receptor potential

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25
Q

Primary sensory cells (example)

A

directly generates action potentials (exL crayfish stretch receptor)

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26
Q

Secondary sensory cells

A

induces the release of a neurotransmitter to generate action potentials

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27
Q

Adaptation

A

tolerance of a stimuli by a cell

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28
Q

Animals can ignore _____ stimuli but still be sensitive to ______ stimuli

A

continuous; changing

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29
Q

Categories of chemoreceptors

A

Olfaction- smellGustation-taste

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30
Q

Olfactory sensors are ____ embedded in a layer of _____ cells

A

neurons; epithilial cells

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31
Q

Olfactory sensors are located at the top of the ___

A

nasal cavity

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32
Q

Axons of the olfactory sensors project to the _____ of the brain

A

olfactory bulb

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33
Q

Dendrites of olfactory axons are on the

A

nose hairs (olfactory hairs)

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34
Q

Outside substances diffuse through ______ to reach the olfactory hairs

A

mucus

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35
Q

odorants are _____ that bind to the _____ proteins

A

chemicals; olfactory receptor proteins

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36
Q

When an odorant binds to a receptor it activates a

A

G protein

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37
Q

What does a G protein do

A

activates and enzyme that increases the level of the second messenger cAMP

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38
Q

After the G protein activates the enzyme cAMP, it opens a _____ channel

A

cation

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39
Q

The opening of a cation channel in ordorant reaction leads to the ______ of the membrane to ______

A

depolarization; fire and action potential

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40
Q

Humans have how many olfactory receptor neurons?

A

20 million

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41
Q

Each olfactory receptor neuron in the nose expresses ____ type(s) of olfactory receptor

A

ONE

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42
Q

Humans have how many genes for olfactory receptors?

A

1K

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43
Q

How many of the human OR genes actual make OR receptors?

A

380

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44
Q

What are the rest of the OR genes?

A

Pseudogenes with mutations

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45
Q

The number of ordorant molecules is less than the number of receptor proteins

A

False

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46
Q

Each odorant may bind to one or more specific RP’s

A

True

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47
Q

A specific orderant is distinguished according to

A

the different combo of cells it activates

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48
Q

higher concentration of orderant molecules means a higher _____ which means a stronger ______

A

frequency of action potentials- stronger small

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49
Q

How is the olfactory system like the immune system?

A

It characterizes unknown molecules

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50
Q

Taste buds

A

clusters of sensory cells recognizing taste

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51
Q

Humans have how many taste buds?

A

10K

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52
Q

Papillae

A

raised bumps of sensory cells on the tongue

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53
Q

_____ expose the tips of the sensory cells

A

Pores

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54
Q

_____ increase the surface area of the cells

A

Microvilli

55
Q

Sensory cells from _____ with dendrites of sensory neurons

A

synapses

56
Q

Taste buds remain on the tongue indefinitely

A

False- they are replaces every few days

57
Q

Five basic tastes

A

Sweet, bitter, umami (savoury), salty, sour

58
Q

Sweet, bitter, and savoury are detected by

A

G-protein coupled receptors

59
Q

Describe umami

A

a meaty savoury taste triggered by amino acids and MSG

60
Q

Salty and sour are detected by

A

ion channels

61
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

cells sensitive to physical “mechanical” forces

62
Q

What causes mechanoreceptor channels to open?

A

physical distortion of the plasma membrane

63
Q

Basically when ion channels open

A

action potentials are fired

64
Q

Skin is packed with diverse ______ that sense _____ sensations

A

mechnoreceptors - various sensations

65
Q

Merkel’s Discs

A

provide continuous information about things touching the skin

66
Q

Meissner’s coupuscles

A

very sensitive, on non-hair skin. they adapt rapidly and provide info on changes of things touching the skin

67
Q

Ruffni endings

A

provide info about vibrating stimuli of low frequencies

68
Q

Pacinian copuscles

A

vibrating stimuli of high frequencies

69
Q

_____ of mechnoreceptors influences how _______ stimulation can be “resolved”

A

density- finely

70
Q

Photosensitivity is sensitivity to

A

light

71
Q

Rhodopsins

A

pigments (light receptor molecule) that perceive light

72
Q

Rhodopsin absorb photons of light and undergo ________

A

conformational changes

73
Q

Rhodopsin molecules consist of a protein called _____

A

Opsin

74
Q

Rhodopsin molecules consist of a light absorbing group called

A

11-cis-retinal

75
Q

11-cis-retinal is ________ to the center of the opsin molecule

A

covalently bound

76
Q

11-cis-retinal absorbs a _____ and it changes to ______

A

a photon, all-trans-retinal

77
Q

When 11-cis-retinal changes to all-trans-retinal it changes the _____ of opsin

A

conformation

78
Q

Change in conformation signals _______

A

that light is detected

79
Q

Blindness is due to lack of

A

Vitamin A

80
Q

What is the first sign of vitamin A deficiency?

A

Night blindness-the inability to see well in dim light

81
Q

Without adequate amounts of ____ rhodopsin cannot regenerate and leads to ____

A

retinal, night blindness

82
Q

Carrots are a good source of

A

beta-carotene

83
Q

Rod cell is a _______ that releases _______ that influence other neurons

A

a photoreceptor (modified neuron) that releases neurotransmitters that influence other neurons

84
Q

3 Parts of the rod cell

A

outer segment, inner segment, and a synaptic terminal

85
Q

The inner segment of a rod cell consists of

A

a nucleus and many mitochondria

86
Q

The outer segment of a rod cell consists of

A

a stack of plasma membrane disks

87
Q

The stacks of membrane disks in the rod call are densely packed with

A

rhodopsin

88
Q

Stacked disks in the rod cell do what?

A

capture photons

89
Q

In the dark, a rod cell has a ___________ resting potential because…

A

depolarized ; Sodium channels are continually open

90
Q

The outer segment of the rod cell becomes _____ upon light exposure

A

hyperpolarized

91
Q

Photoreceptor cells can also fire action potentials

A

FALSE

92
Q

Sclera

A

connective tissue that holds together the eye

93
Q

Cornea

A

transparent structure that allows light passage

94
Q

Iris

A

pigmented structure that controls the amount of light that enters

95
Q

Pupil

A

where light actually enters

96
Q

Lens

A

focuses the images/light for the retina

97
Q

Retina

A

photosensitive area at the back of the eye

98
Q

Fovea

A

the most sensitive area of the retina

99
Q

Optic nerve

A

transmits the info from photoreceptors

100
Q

Light must pass through all the layers of the eye before reaching the rhodopsin

A

True

101
Q

Two types of vertebrate photoreceptors

A

Rods and cones

102
Q

The human retina is organized into how many layers of cells?

A

5

103
Q

Cells at the front of the retina are

A

ganglion cells

104
Q

The axons of the ganglion cells of the retina form the ______ and do what?

A

optic nerves and fire action potentials

105
Q

Photoreceptor cells are located where on the retina?

A

the back

106
Q

Bipolar cells

A

what connects ganglion cells and photoreceptors

107
Q

Release of NTs from ______ cells causes the rate of of NT release from _____ to change

A

photoreceptor cells ; bipolar cells

108
Q

Release of NTs from ____ cells cause ____ cells to fire action potentials

A

bipolar; ganglion cells

109
Q

What connects neighboring pairs of photorecpetors and bipolar cells?

A

Horizontal cells

110
Q

Horizontal cells provide a _____ flow of information

A

lateral

111
Q

____ connect neighboring bipolar and ganglion cells

A

Amacrine cells

112
Q

Amacrine cells help

A

make eyes more sensitive to small rapid changes

113
Q

Which of the two vertebrate photoreceptors are more sensitive to light?

A

Rod cells

114
Q

Rod cells provide the ______ vision at low light levels

A

black/white

115
Q

Human retina has how many rods?

A

125 million

116
Q

Cone cells are more light sensitive than rod cells

A

FALSE

117
Q

Cone cells are responsible for _____ vision

A

color

118
Q

Cones provide the sharpest vision

A

True

119
Q

Human retina has how many cones?

A

6 million

120
Q

The fovea consists of what cells/photoreceptors?

A

Cones

121
Q

Three types of cone cells

A

L, M, S types

122
Q

L-type cones

A

absorb long wavelength light (yellow-green)

123
Q

M-type cones

A

medium wvlngth (blue-green)

124
Q

S-type cones

A

short wavelength (blue-violet)

125
Q

LMS type cones differ in the _____ which absorb different light wavelengths

A

opsins

126
Q

The macula is

A

an oval yellow spot near the center of the retina. used for high acuity vision (diameter is about 5 mm)

127
Q

High Acuity Vision

A

the ability to detect fine material (reading)

128
Q

The ___ is the center of the Macula

A

fovea

129
Q

The fovea is responsible for

A

sharp central vision (visual detail, reading)

130
Q

The human fovea has how many cone cells per mm sq? A hawk?

A

160K ; 1 million

131
Q

The blind spot

A

where there are no photoreceptors, where blood vessels and bundles of axons from the back of the eye go into the brain

132
Q

Age-related macular degeneration ( AMD)

A

photoreceptors in the macula degenerate over time; may lead to blindness past the age of 50

College Biology & Ecology (28 decks)

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