Stupid Plants Flashcards
Describe the formation of a new plant cell
vesicles gather at the middle “cell plate” -> vesicles fuse to form the middle lamella -> daughter cells secrete wall material and separate
The division of plant cells create a _____ gradient within cell walls
age gradient
Functions of the root system
anchorstoragenutrient absorption
An important part of the root system is its large
surface area
What is the shoot system of a plant?
leaves, stems, flowers
Leaves are the _____ of photosynthesis
chief organs
Functions of the stems
hold and display the leaves to the sunconnections and transport of materials
radicle
embryonic root
The primary root is also called the
taproot
The taproot grows outward by extending
lateral roots
taproot + lateral roots =
taproot system
adventitious roots
shallow roots growing from ground level or below
Fibrous root system
numerous thin roots
Prop-roots are
just thicker roots that “prop” the plant up
Shoots are composed of repeating modules called
phytomers
List the parts of a phytomer
Node, internode, leaves, axullary buds
What is a node?
where a leaf attaches to a stem
what is an internode
the interval of stem between two nodes
what is an axillary bud?
little bulges that form the angle where the leaf meets the stem. They can grow more branches
What is the terminal bud?
the bud at the end of a stem/branch at the top of the plant
What is the primary site of photosynthesis
leaves
stem of the leave is called the
petiole
Cells have a central _____ that takes up about 90% of the cells volume
vacuole
What is the tonoplast?
vacuolar membrane
middle lamella is
the glue-like substance between the cell plates, thin layer between the walls of two daughter cells
The primary cell wall is the ____ layer and the secondary is the ___ layer
outerinner
The primary cell wall is made of __ types of polysaccharides and what are they
3: cellulose, hemicelluolse, pectins
Cell wall cellulose contain
microfibrils
The protoplast is
The plant cell plasma membrane and everything inside
When cell expansion stops, the _____ cell wall forms
secondary
What is lignin
the type of cellulose for the secondary wall. It also “lignifies” the middle lamella and primary wall as well
What is plasmodesmata
cytoplasm filled canals for communication between plant cells
basal-apical axis
arrangement of cells and tissues along main axis from root to shoot
radial axis
concentric arrangement of tissue systems
meristems are
undifferentiated cells that perform all post-embryonic development
When a daughter cell produces a supporting structure its called the
suspensor
Cotyledons are
the first leaves of a germinating plant
Shoot and root apical midstems are
sites where the plant will continue to grow
The plant body is constructed from how many tissue systems and name them
3dermalvascularground
Describe the dermal tissue system
makes up the epidermis of the plant1-cell layer
3 special cells of the epidermis
stomatal guard cellstrichomesroot hairs
What are stomatal guard cells
(stomata) pores for gas exchange
What are trichones
leave hairs that provide protection
what are root hairs
hairs that increase surface area for more nutrient uptake
What is the cuticle?
outer waxy protective layer to prevent water loss and protection
The ground tissue system is
all tissue lying between the dermal and vascular tissue
T/F: the ground tissue system makes up most of the plant body
True
Functions of the ground tissue system
storage, support, photosynthesis
3 cell types of the ground tissue system
parenchyma - storage and photosynthesiscollenchyma - flexibilitysclerenchyma - support
The vascular system takes care of
plumbing and transport
2 parts of the vascular system
xylem and phloem
The xylem contains conducting cells called _____ and what are they
tracheary elementstreacheids and vessel elements
describe tracheids
zig-zag type flow up the cells by pitscame before vessel elements
pits
areas where plasmodesmata lieallow the flow up the tracheids
Water flow in elements goes
straight up
both treacheary elements of the xylem are functioning when the cells are ___. Why?
Dead. So there is space in the cells for water to move through. No obstruction
The phloem’s function is to
transport nutrients (not water)
sieve tube elements are
the cells of the phloem
The difference between the growth of animals and plants is that plants grow
indeterminantly
Primary growth is
the lengthening to branches/stems/roots
Secondary growth is
increase of thickness / roundness/ widening/ horizontally (aka girth)
primary growth = _____ plant bodysecondary growth = ___ plant body
primarysecondary
_____ are the plants equivalent to an animals stem cell
initials
Two type of meristems that contribute to adult growth
apical and lateral meristems
Apical meristems orchestrate
primary growth (elongation)
Lateral meristems take care of
secondary growth
2 later meristems are
vascular cambiumcork cambium
The meristem that grows leaves/branches/etcThe meristem that grows roots
Shoot apicalRoot apical
The meristems that specifically grows leaves
vegitative meristem
The meristem that grows flowers/buds
influorescence meristem
What is the primary meristem and name each type of primary meristem
A set of cylindrical meristems in both the shoot and root apical meristems1-protoderm2-ground meristem3-procambium
Name each primary primary meristem and each tissue system it correlates to
protoderm - dermalground meristem - groundprocambium- vascular
The end of the root apical meristem is the
root cap
What does the root cap do?
protects the roots as they grow downward
the apical and primary meristems make the ______
zone of cell division
What is the zone of cell division
the source of all of the root’s primary tissues
What is above the zone of cell division
its the zone of cell elongation
above the zone of cell elongation there is the
zone of maturation
at the zone of maturation the plant cells
differentiate/ specialize
The cortex is devolped from the ___ tissues and functions as ____
ground tissues, storage
What is the endodermis
The inner most layer of cortex cells
T/F: the endodermis is waterproof
True
The vascular cylindar in plants is called the
stele
The stele consists of what three tisues
pericyclexylemphloem
What does the pericycle do
has undifferentiated cells that takes care of secondary growth and transport
what is the pith?
region of parenchyma cells, the center of the root/stem
The vascular tissues of the stem are divided into
vascular bundles
photosynthetic parenchyma of the leaf
mesophyll
What procues the waxy covering of the cells in secondary growth
cork cambium
The secondary derThe vmal tissue is called the
periderm
Elongation/expansion of cells require what pressure?
turgor
Major increase of cell size occurs in the
vacuole
apoplastic
Movment through water channels (empty space)Cells are dead a maturity
What component thickens stems and roots?
vascular cambium
symplastic
movement through the protoplast. must move like this to enter endoderm-provides selectivity for nutrients/ions
Stomata open in
light or low CO2
Stomata close in
high stress or high CO2
