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College Biology & Ecology > EEMB 3: Plants > Flashcards

EEMB 3: Plants Flashcards

2
Q

Scientific name for land plants

A

Embryophytes

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3
Q

Common feature that ALL land plants share

A

protected embryos

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4
Q

Name the groups of vascular plants

A

LycophytesHorsetailsWhisk fernsLepto fernsGymnospermsFlowering plants

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5
Q

Name the groups of Euphyllophytes

A

LycohpytesHorsetailsWhisk fernsLepto fernsGymnospermsFlowering Plants

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6
Q

What does Euphyllophytes mean?

A

“true leaves”

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7
Q

Name the groups of Monilophytes

A

HorsetailsWhisk fernsLepto ferns (basic ferns)

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8
Q

Name the groups of Seed Plants

A

GymnospermsFlowering Plants (Angiosperms)

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9
Q

More in depth description of lycophytes

A

club mosses and relatives

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10
Q

What are the only phylum that have Microphylls

A

lycophytes (club mosses and relatives)

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11
Q

What is the one trait of plants that completely separates it from protists, bacteria, etc?

A

Embryos protected by tissues of the parent plant; do not need an external water source to growEmbryophytes

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12
Q

A plant is a _____ eukaryote that uses chlorophylls ____, stores ____, and develops from an ______ protected by tissues by the parent plant

A

photosythetica & bembryo

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13
Q

Plants are referred to as empbryophytes because

A

they develop from embryos

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14
Q

The kingom plantae is ____ which forms how many branches of the evolutionary tree?

A

monophyleticone branch only

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15
Q

List the groups of the kingdom Plantae

A

GlaucophytesRed AlgaeChlorophytes”other’ green algaeColeochaetalesCharophytesLand Plants (embryophytes)

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16
Q

Green plants are also called

A

streptophytes

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17
Q

The most closely related group to land plants

A

charophytes

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18
Q

List the close slimilarities between land plants (embryophytes) and charophytes (algae)

A

chlorophyll a,bbeta-carotene as accessory pigmentthylakoid stacks (grana)store starchcellulose for cell wallsuse cell plate for divisiongenetic similarity (cpDNA and other genes)

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19
Q

Development of new physiology led to an ______ shift to land

A

ecological

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20
Q

The major plant cell composition needed for water retention

A

cuticle

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21
Q

Major plant part needed for gas exchange and retention of water

A

stomata

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22
Q

What physiological change came about to allow transportation between mediums

A

division into subterranean & aerial organs

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23
Q

What is composes the main support for the outside of plants (“woody portions”)

A

Lignin

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24
Q

What is function is the protection of gametes from desiccation?

A

Gametengia

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25
Q

What is needed for protection from desiccation and damage?

A

sporopollenin/thick spore walls

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26
Q

One reason for the ecological shift to land

A

mutual association with a fungus

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27
Q

Embryos protect

A

young sporophytes

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28
Q

Non-tracheophyte groups

A

LiverwortsMossesHornworts

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29
Q

T/F: Knowing the dominant generation (in alternation of generations) helps classify plants

A

True!

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30
Q

In the generic alternation of generations cycle, what processes are at the transition between haplontic and diplontic

A

meiosis and fetilization

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31
Q

In the generic alternation of generations cycle what stages are in the haplonic cycle

A

Sporemulti-cellular gametophytegametes

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32
Q

In the generic alternation of generations cycle what stages are in the diplontic cycle

A

zygotemulti-cellualr sporophyte

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33
Q

Class of plants that has the most species

A

angiosperms

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34
Q

non-tracheophytes (non-vascular) plants are the decendents of the ____ lineages of plants

A

oldest

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35
Q

the sporophyte develops from the

A

embryo

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36
Q

the embryo is dependent on and protected by the

A

gametophyte

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37
Q

Non-tracheophytes are found usually in _____ climate

A

moist

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38
Q

What generation stage is most dominant in non-tracheophytes (non-vascular plants)

A

gametophyte / haplonitc

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39
Q

Describe the moss life cycle

A

Starting from haploid-ungerminated spore-germinating-protonema (rhizoid, bud, photo filament)-gametophytes-archegonium/antheridium-sperm/egg-eggDiploid stage-embryo-sporophyte/casule (spreads spores)(gametophyte still present)Cycle starts over

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40
Q

Specialized cells that transport water and nutrients

A

tracheids

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41
Q

Tracheids are what shape

A

spindle shaped

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42
Q

What connects tracheids

A

pits

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43
Q

Tracheids also provide what other function?

A

structural support

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44
Q

Tracheids are formed through what?

A

programmed cell death (for empty space to transport nutrients and water)

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45
Q

In non-tracheophytes the sporophyte (2n) is the ______ and gametophyte (n) is the ___

A

capsule”leaf”

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46
Q

In treacheophytes the sporophyte is the ___ and gametophyte is ____

A

leavessome of small underground thing

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47
Q

The first tracheophytes lacked

A

“true leaves”roots

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48
Q

Rhynia fossils are what?When were they found?

A

the first tracheophytes foundDevonion Period

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49
Q

Tracheophytes were a product of what reproductive cycle

A

meiosis

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50
Q

What era were the first ferns & fern allies found? (Monilophytes)

A

Devonian Period

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51
Q

Monilophytes showed first signs of what 3 things that showed evolution of plants?

A

true roots/leavesheterospory”overtopping” growth pattern

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52
Q

what might have allowed the evolution of specialized root and shoot axes?

A

dichotomous branching

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53
Q

T/F: Lycophyta have root/shoot systems that both branch dichotomously

A

True

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54
Q

What is dichotomous branching?

A

equal division of two branches at a terminal bud

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55
Q

Simple leaves are called (scientific)

A

microphylls

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56
Q

Scientifically define a leaf

A

a flattened photosynthetic structure emerging laterally from a main axis/stem and has “true” vascular tissue

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57
Q

Simple leaves are characteristic of which phylum

A

Lycophytes (club mosses)

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58
Q

Megaphylls are

A

complex leaves

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59
Q

Megaphylls are thought to have evolved from what growth process?

A

overtopping (branched vascular strands that flattened and developed tissue in-between)

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60
Q

Different between simple and complex leaves

A

multiple vascular strands

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61
Q

Describe the haploid portion of a homosporic cycle

A

meiosis -> spore -> gamtophyte ->-> achegonium ->eggsOR-> antheridium -> sperm

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62
Q

archegonium is what part of a plants reproductive haploid cycle

A

female part

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63
Q

atheridium is what part of a plants haploid reproductive cycle

A

male part

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64
Q

Describe the diploid portion of a homosporic cycle

A

zygote -> embryo -> sporophyte -> sporangium -> spore of a mother cell

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65
Q

In the heterospory cycle the prefix mega- refers to which gender

A

Female

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66
Q

In the heterospory cycle the prefix micro- refers to which gender

A

male

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67
Q

Describe the haploid part of heterosporic life cycle

A

meiosis ->spore -> gametophyte -> sperm/eggs

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68
Q

Describe the diploid part of heterosporic life cycle

A

same as homosporic cept micro/mega sporangiums

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69
Q

Heterospory promotes

A

outcrossing

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70
Q

Heterospory provides _____ flexibility

A

developmental flexibility

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71
Q

In heterospory the megagametophyte undergoes

A

endosporic development

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72
Q

What is endosporic development

A

when the megagametophyte does not leave the megaspore to grow

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73
Q

Sporangia are

A

containers in which asexual spores are formed

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74
Q

Two dispersal mechanisms

A

spore and seed

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75
Q

T/F: the gametophyte is reduced less in seed plants than non-seed tracheophytes

A

FALSE

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76
Q

T/F: Water is sometimes needed for sexual reproduction

A

FALSE. no need at all

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77
Q

How does the haploid megagametophyte develop in seed plants

A

Develops partially or entirely attached and is nutritionally dependent to the diploid sporophyte

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78
Q

In seed plants, the male gametophyte is a

A

gene dispersal stage (pollen)

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79
Q

Seeds contain what, what sort of stage is it, and are a means of what?

A

contain the new sporophyte generationa resting stagea means of dispersal

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80
Q

What are strobilus?

A

a cluster of modified leaves with sporangia

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81
Q

Microspores divide by mitois into what?

A

pollen grains (microgametophyte)

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82
Q

Two cell parts of the pollen grain

A

generative celltube cell

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83
Q

Pollen is what type of reproductive form

A

microgametophyte

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84
Q

Creating pollen is a method for what two things?

A

dispersalavoiding inbreeding

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85
Q

Ovule is the structure that contains the

A

female gametophyte

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86
Q

The ovule is surrounded by what?

A

nucellus (megasporangium)

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87
Q

In a seed the embryo is the ___-phyte

A

sporophyte

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88
Q

What type of plants are angiosperms?

A

Flowering plants

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89
Q

Angiosperms (flowering plants) undergo ______ fertilization

A

double

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90
Q

What kind of endosperm do angiosperms have

A

triploid endosperm

91
Q

In angiosperms, the ovules are enclosed in the _____ and the seeds in ______

A

carpelthe fruit

92
Q

What vascular parts do the angiosperm have?

A

xylem and phloem

93
Q

The generative cell divides and produces what

A

2 haploid sperm cells

94
Q

tracheids may have evolved into what two type of cells in angiosperms

A

vessel elementsfiber cells

95
Q

Describe the evolution of the carpel

A

leaf like structure with sporangia on it folded on itself, with sporangia on the inside

96
Q

Evolution of the flower stems from

A

fusion of carpels

97
Q

Fusion of carpels make up what structure? (aka multiple carpels)

A

the pistil

98
Q

Advantages of the pistil

A

efficient deposition of pollenefficient movement of pollen tubes

99
Q

A closed carpel protects the

A

ovules and seeds

100
Q

Properties of monocots

A

flower parts in 3’sparallel veinsnarrow leavessingle cotyledon in seedsscattered vascular bundles

101
Q

Properties of Dicots (Eudicots)

A

two cotyledons in seedsbroad leavesbranched veinsflower parts in 4,5’svascular bundles in an organized ring in the stem

102
Q

For fruits the carpel turns into the _____ the ovary into the ____ and ovule into the ____

A

fruit wallactual fruitseed

103
Q

Dispersal methods

A

wind, fruit (simple and aggregate), animal/organism, nuts

104
Q

Wind and water dispersal are what type of transport?scientific name for wind dispersal is____for water is _____

A

PassiveAnemophilyHydrophyil

105
Q

Animals are what type of dispersal transport? the 3 scientific names?

A

activezoophily, ornithophily, enotmophily

106
Q

The reward for pollination to animals (and 2 subcategories)

A

food-nectar-pollen

107
Q

flower glands that create nectar are called

108
Q

pollen is high in what substance for animals?

109
Q

Two types of plants that do fly pollination

A

Arsitolochi-aceaeAr-aceae

110
Q

Properties of fly pollinating flowers

A

dull colorstrong, bad odorsmall clusters

111
Q

colors for bee & wasp pollination (what type of light in the spectrum?)

A

white, blue, yellow (not red generally)UV light

112
Q

Moth pollination requires the moth to have what long organ?

113
Q

Bird pollination follows flowers with what typical color and ordor?

A

Red flowers (tubular)Trick- no to weak odor

114
Q

Bird pollination scientific name

A

ornithophilly

115
Q

T/F: Flower pollinating birds are not separated geographically. There is no convergence

A

FALSEgeographically separated and yes convergence

116
Q

Bat pollination flowers are usually ____ and a ____ color support the bats weight and lack of sight

A

robustwhite

117
Q

Describe the fig wasp pollination method

A

-Females lay eggs in the fig ovaries while pollinating other ovaries at the same time-born male wasps mate with all the females and then burrow out the fig and then die. -females use the path created by the male to go out and pollinate more figs

118
Q

fig and wasps show signs of co- _____ and co- ___

A

speciation and evolution

119
Q

What exceptions to the co-evolution of fig and wasp relationship are there?

A

1 wasp to 2 fig species that are geographically separated2 wasps to 1 fig that covers a wide geographic area

120
Q

The two flower parts that are thought to be modified leaves

A

carplestamen

121
Q

What are whorls?

A

think of them as “layers” of flower parts (inside to outside)

122
Q

To study how parts of plants work we compare them with ____ counterparts

123
Q

Why do we use mutants to study plants?

A

-helps discern how a gene works by showing what happens to the plant when it doesn’t work-cloned genes can give biochemical info

124
Q

Researchers need both ___ and ____ info to understand a genes role

A

phenotypicbiochemical

125
Q

The identification of a gene by mutant phenotype is called

A

forward genetics

126
Q

Using a cloned/mutated gene to FIND a mutant phenotype is called

A

reverse genetics

127
Q

What are homeotic genes/mutations?

A

genes/mutations that determine the developmental fate of ENTIRE portions of an organism

128
Q

What is mutagenesis

A

The process of introducing a mutant to an organism to see what gene it affects to learn more info

129
Q

Steps of Mutagenesis

A

-expose organism to mutagen-allow organism to reproduce and let mutagen affect whatever genes-observe the progeny of effects-ID the gene mutated

130
Q

Stomata first appear in what plant?

131
Q

Overtopping growth is

A

one branch differentiating from another and grows above it

132
Q

Triploidy is characteristic of what group of plants?

A

angiosperms

133
Q

Megaphylls first appear in ____ and are found from then on

A

horsetails

134
Q

The first land plants are seen during what period

A

Ordovician

135
Q

First vascular plant fossils are found when

136
Q

Earliest gymnosperms are found in what period

137
Q

Earliest angiosperms found when

A

Jurassic period

138
Q

Liverworts belong to the phylum

A

Hepatophyta

139
Q

Hornworts belong to the phylum

A

Anthocerophyta

140
Q

Mosses belong to the phylum

141
Q

Club Mosses belong to the phylum

142
Q

Ferns and related belong to the phylum

A

Pteridophyta

143
Q

Do gametophytes or sporophytes produce more odor?

A

gametophytes

144
Q

Water transport in non-tracheophytes?Sugar transport?

A

HydroidLeptoid

145
Q

How do non-tracheophyte cells divide?

A

apical cell division

146
Q

In the phylogenic tree, what other 2 traits come along with tracheids?

A

sporophyte dominancy and independencebranching

147
Q

Rhizome(thick part) and Rhizoids (small parts) are what?

A

“roots” of non-tracheophytes(only anchors, that is the ONLY function)

148
Q

The first tracheophytes had tracheids which also meant they had a ____

149
Q

The only phylum with simple leaves are

A

lycophyta (club mosses)

150
Q

Complex leaves (megaphylls) are first found in ____ and beyond

A

ferns (monilophytes/ Pteridophyta)

151
Q

Heterospory is found in most or all of

A

gymno and angiosperms

152
Q

Lycophyta are first found during what period

153
Q

Some heterospory is found in which two types of plants?

A

lycophyta and regular ferns

154
Q

Whisk ferns were thought to be direct descendants of the _____ but actually is related to all the ferns

A

Rhyniophytes (first fossils of tracheophytes)

155
Q

Horsetails (rush) are first seen in what period

156
Q

Describe the fern lifecycle

A

Starting from Meiosis-spore tetrad-germinating spore-mature gametophyte (with rhizoids)-antheridium/archegonium -sperm/eggFertilization-ebryo (unprotected)-sporophyte-mature sporophyte-sporangium

157
Q

What is the male gametophyte dispersal product?

158
Q

The “naked seed” term belongs to what group of plants?

A

gymnosperms

159
Q

Name the phylums of the gymnosperms

A

Cycado-phytaginko-phytaGneto-phytaconifero-phyta

160
Q

Non-motile sperm develops in which types of plants?

A

Gymnosperms (some) and angiosperms

161
Q

Specifically which gymnosperms have developed non-motile sperm

A

Gnetophyta and coniferophyta

162
Q

Rise of seed plants happen during which era?

163
Q

Gymnosperms are dominant during which era?

164
Q

Angiosperms are dominant during during which era?

165
Q

Describe the structure of a microsporangium (of gymnosperms)

A

Microsporophyll (the actual modified leaf)Microsporangium (outer covering)Microsporocytes (reproductive part)

166
Q

Microsporangium undergo _____ to make microspores (1n)

167
Q

Microsporangium create what by going through meiosis?

A

spores (microspores)

168
Q

What ploidy are microspores?

169
Q

Pollen grains are a product of what reproductive process?

170
Q

Pollen grains are Micro-_____ and are they single or multiple-celled

A

microgametophytesmulticellular

171
Q

What two type of cells are in pollen grains? What ploidy are they?

A

generative cells and tube cellall 1n

172
Q

The pollen lands onto which part of the megassporangium to fertilize?

173
Q

Describe the structure of a megasporangium

A

megasporophyll (modified leaf)integument- outside coveringmegasporangium - inside spacemegasporocyte

174
Q

The megasporangium undergoes ___ to from megaspores. How many megaspores are formed?

A

Meiosis4 megaspores

175
Q

Describe in detail what the 4 megaspores from meiosis are composed of

A

1 functional spore and 3 degenerate spores

176
Q

After the megasporangium forms the 4 megaspores it undergoes ____ to from the seed

177
Q

Name the parts of the gymnosperm seed from outside to in

A

integumentmegasporangiummegagametophytearchegoniumegg(pollen tube exists through all layers)

178
Q

What structure digest the 3 degenerate megaspores?

A

the pollen tube

179
Q

Name the parts of the ovule from outside to in

A

micropyle (opening)integument(pollen tubes through each layer)nucellusendosperm (megagametophyte)3 archegonia

180
Q

In embryogenesis of gymnosperms the cotyledons are____, the hypocotyl is the ___, and the portion near where the micropyle/pollen tubes were is the developing ____ are

A

the forming leavesspace bettween the forming leaves/the entire bodyroots/radical

181
Q

Seed plants are different in embryogenesis in the way that they do not require any ____

A

external water

182
Q

look at

A

gymnosperm life cycle later

183
Q

Dioecious means what?

A

having a female plant and a male plant (female plant smells)

184
Q

Name the parts of the ovule/ovary of an angiosperm

A

integuments (2 layers)synergids (things touching the egg)3 anti-podal cells (function unknown)egg2 polar nuclei

185
Q

Name the parts of the sperm of the angiosperm

A

tube cell (body)generative cell/nucleustube cell nucleus

186
Q

Describe the process of sperm entering the overy in angiosperms

A

1)Generative cell creates 2 haploid sperm cells2)Sperm enter the synergid and degenerates it3) one sperm fuses with the egg and the other with the polar nuclei

187
Q

Describe the evolution of the stamen

A

The modified leaf with sporangia gradually shrunk until it is sandwiched between the 2 sporangia pairs

188
Q

The cross section of a carpel looks like what?The cross section of a stamen looks like what?

A

And awkward peace symbol with sporangia in the enclosed open spacesa 4 leaf clover

189
Q

Difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms tracheids wise?

A

Angiosperms now have vessel elements instead of just tracheids

190
Q

Pollen is characteristic of which types of plants?

A

gymnosperms and angiosperms only

191
Q

List all of the parts of a flower from inside to outsdie

A

Carpel/pistil (stigma-style-ovule)Stamen (anther- filament)Receptacle (part connecting flower to stem)PetalSepal

192
Q

In what order do we count whorls from outside to inside

A

1, 2, 3, 4

193
Q

Name whorls 1-4

A

1-sepal2-petal3-stamen4-carpels

194
Q

Aquilegia is the genus resulting from

A

rapid adaptive radiation

195
Q

Asexual reproduction involves how many parents?

196
Q

Two main types of asexual reproduction are

A

vegetativeagamospermy

197
Q

T/F: In asexual reproduction, there no meiosis, no fertilization, but there is recombination?

A

FALSEnone of any of those

198
Q

List the modes (5) of vegetative reprodcution

A

RhizomesTillersBulbletsBubilsCuttings

199
Q

Agamospermy is what?

A

Production of seeds identical to parents created without sex

200
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

competitive advantage in relation to arealess efforteasy colonization

201
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

barely any genetic variabilityoccupy smaller arealimited dispersal

202
Q

Sexual reproduction is production of offspring through ____ and _____

A

meiosis and fertilization

203
Q

Flowering plants are generally ___

A

hermaphroditic

204
Q

Inbreeding Depression is

A

the reduction in fitness due to inbreeding compared to ones with outcrossing

205
Q

What causes inbreeding depresssion

A

Reductions in viability and fertility

206
Q

Downside to inbreeding

A

Genotypes alteredAllelic frequencies DONT changelow heterozygosityHomozygosity of bad genes

207
Q

Strategies to prevent self-fertilization

A

Mechanisms promoting outcrossingtimingcreating incompatibility

208
Q

What is the most ancient surviving plant linage?

A

Liverworts

209
Q

Bryophytes (mosses) are dependent on water for reproduction because

A

the motile sperm need water to swim to the eggs

210
Q

All plants produce ____ by meiosis and ____ by mitosis

A

spores by MEIOSISgametes by MITOSIS

211
Q

T/F: The sporophytes of all plants are independent

A

FALSEnon-tracheophyte sporophytes are dependent

212
Q

Which phylum diverged first from the tracheophytes?

A

Lycophyta!(the only ones with sporophylls)

213
Q

One importance of the development of the xylem was its ability to provide

A

structural support

214
Q

What is one evolutionary trait that is not shared by all land plants?

215
Q

Evidence that heterospory leads to advantages is that it has _____ several times

216
Q

Sporangia can be IDed as the fossil Rhynia because meiosis produces ____-

A

4 haploid cells

217
Q

stomata first appear in

218
Q

Which phylum is the only one that has independent gametophytes?

A

Pteridophyta (ferns)

219
Q

What group of plants have a mature gametophyte with 8 nuclei?

A

Angiosperms (monocots and dicots)

220
Q

What replaces the atheridium in gymnosperms?

221
Q

T/F: Archegonia and antheridia are multicellular

222
Q

Most species of this group of plants are monoecious

A

gymnosperms (confiers)

223
Q

Which phylum outside of angiosperms have vessel elements

A

Gnetophyta

College Biology & Ecology (28 decks)

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