EEMB 3: Plants Flashcards
2
Q
Scientific name for land plants
A
Embryophytes
3
Q
Common feature that ALL land plants share
A
protected embryos
4
Q
Name the groups of vascular plants
A
LycophytesHorsetailsWhisk fernsLepto fernsGymnospermsFlowering plants
5
Q
Name the groups of Euphyllophytes
A
LycohpytesHorsetailsWhisk fernsLepto fernsGymnospermsFlowering Plants
6
Q
What does Euphyllophytes mean?
A
“true leaves”
7
Q
Name the groups of Monilophytes
A
HorsetailsWhisk fernsLepto ferns (basic ferns)
8
Q
Name the groups of Seed Plants
A
GymnospermsFlowering Plants (Angiosperms)
9
Q
More in depth description of lycophytes
A
club mosses and relatives
10
Q
What are the only phylum that have Microphylls
A
lycophytes (club mosses and relatives)
11
Q
What is the one trait of plants that completely separates it from protists, bacteria, etc?
A
Embryos protected by tissues of the parent plant; do not need an external water source to growEmbryophytes
12
Q
A plant is a _____ eukaryote that uses chlorophylls ____, stores ____, and develops from an ______ protected by tissues by the parent plant
A
photosythetica & bembryo
13
Q
Plants are referred to as empbryophytes because
A
they develop from embryos
14
Q
The kingom plantae is ____ which forms how many branches of the evolutionary tree?
A
monophyleticone branch only
15
Q
List the groups of the kingdom Plantae
A
GlaucophytesRed AlgaeChlorophytes”other’ green algaeColeochaetalesCharophytesLand Plants (embryophytes)
16
Q
Green plants are also called
A
streptophytes
17
Q
The most closely related group to land plants
A
charophytes
18
Q
List the close slimilarities between land plants (embryophytes) and charophytes (algae)
A
chlorophyll a,bbeta-carotene as accessory pigmentthylakoid stacks (grana)store starchcellulose for cell wallsuse cell plate for divisiongenetic similarity (cpDNA and other genes)
19
Q
Development of new physiology led to an ______ shift to land
A
ecological
20
Q
The major plant cell composition needed for water retention
A
cuticle
21
Q
Major plant part needed for gas exchange and retention of water
A
stomata
22
Q
What physiological change came about to allow transportation between mediums
A
division into subterranean & aerial organs
23
Q
What is composes the main support for the outside of plants (“woody portions”)
A
Lignin
24
Q
What is function is the protection of gametes from desiccation?
A
Gametengia
25
Q
What is needed for protection from desiccation and damage?
A
sporopollenin/thick spore walls
26
One reason for the ecological shift to land
mutual association with a fungus
27
Embryos protect
young sporophytes
28
Non-tracheophyte groups
LiverwortsMossesHornworts
29
T/F: Knowing the dominant generation (in alternation of generations) helps classify plants
True!
30
In the generic alternation of generations cycle, what processes are at the transition between haplontic and diplontic
meiosis and fetilization
31
In the generic alternation of generations cycle what stages are in the haplonic cycle
Sporemulti-cellular gametophytegametes
32
In the generic alternation of generations cycle what stages are in the diplontic cycle
zygotemulti-cellualr sporophyte
33
Class of plants that has the most species
angiosperms
34
non-tracheophytes (non-vascular) plants are the decendents of the ____ lineages of plants
oldest
35
the sporophyte develops from the
embryo
36
the embryo is dependent on and protected by the
gametophyte
37
Non-tracheophytes are found usually in _____ climate
moist
38
What generation stage is most dominant in non-tracheophytes (non-vascular plants)
gametophyte / haplonitc
39
Describe the moss life cycle
Starting from haploid-ungerminated spore-germinating-protonema (rhizoid, bud, photo filament)-gametophytes-archegonium/antheridium-sperm/egg-eggDiploid stage-embryo-sporophyte/casule (spreads spores)(gametophyte still present)Cycle starts over
40
Specialized cells that transport water and nutrients
tracheids
41
Tracheids are what shape
spindle shaped
42
What connects tracheids
pits
43
Tracheids also provide what other function?
structural support
44
Tracheids are formed through what?
programmed cell death (for empty space to transport nutrients and water)
45
In non-tracheophytes the sporophyte (2n) is the ______ and gametophyte (n) is the \_\_\_
capsule"leaf"
46
In treacheophytes the sporophyte is the ___ and gametophyte is \_\_\_\_
leavessome of small underground thing
47
The first tracheophytes lacked
"true leaves"roots
48
Rhynia fossils are what?When were they found?
the first tracheophytes foundDevonion Period
49
Tracheophytes were a product of what reproductive cycle
meiosis
50
What era were the first ferns & fern allies found? (Monilophytes)
Devonian Period
51
Monilophytes showed first signs of what 3 things that showed evolution of plants?
true roots/leavesheterospory"overtopping" growth pattern
52
what might have allowed the evolution of specialized root and shoot axes?
dichotomous branching
53
T/F: Lycophyta have root/shoot systems that both branch dichotomously
True
54
What is dichotomous branching?
equal division of two branches at a terminal bud
55
Simple leaves are called (scientific)
microphylls
56
Scientifically define a leaf
a flattened photosynthetic structure emerging laterally from a main axis/stem and has "true" vascular tissue
57
Simple leaves are characteristic of which phylum
Lycophytes (club mosses)
58
Megaphylls are
complex leaves
59
Megaphylls are thought to have evolved from what growth process?
overtopping (branched vascular strands that flattened and developed tissue in-between)
60
Different between simple and complex leaves
multiple vascular strands
61
Describe the haploid portion of a homosporic cycle
meiosis -\> spore -\> gamtophyte -\>-\> achegonium -\>eggsOR-\> antheridium -\> sperm
62
archegonium is what part of a plants reproductive haploid cycle
female part
63
atheridium is what part of a plants haploid reproductive cycle
male part
64
Describe the diploid portion of a homosporic cycle
zygote -\> embryo -\> sporophyte -\> sporangium -\> spore of a mother cell
65
In the heterospory cycle the prefix mega- refers to which gender
Female
66
In the heterospory cycle the prefix micro- refers to which gender
male
67
Describe the haploid part of heterosporic life cycle
meiosis -\>spore -\> gametophyte -\> sperm/eggs
68
Describe the diploid part of heterosporic life cycle
same as homosporic cept micro/mega sporangiums
69
Heterospory promotes
outcrossing
70
Heterospory provides _____ flexibility
developmental flexibility
71
In heterospory the megagametophyte undergoes
endosporic development
72
What is endosporic development
when the megagametophyte does not leave the megaspore to grow
73
Sporangia are
containers in which asexual spores are formed
74
Two dispersal mechanisms
spore and seed
75
T/F: the gametophyte is reduced less in seed plants than non-seed tracheophytes
FALSE
76
T/F: Water is sometimes needed for sexual reproduction
FALSE. no need at all
77
How does the haploid megagametophyte develop in seed plants
Develops partially or entirely attached and is nutritionally dependent to the diploid sporophyte
78
In seed plants, the male gametophyte is a
gene dispersal stage (pollen)
79
Seeds contain what, what sort of stage is it, and are a means of what?
contain the new sporophyte generationa resting stagea means of dispersal
80
What are strobilus?
a cluster of modified leaves with sporangia
81
Microspores divide by mitois into what?
pollen grains (microgametophyte)
82
Two cell parts of the pollen grain
generative celltube cell
83
Pollen is what type of reproductive form
microgametophyte
84
Creating pollen is a method for what two things?
dispersalavoiding inbreeding
85
Ovule is the structure that contains the
female gametophyte
86
The ovule is surrounded by what?
nucellus (megasporangium)
87
In a seed the embryo is the \_\_\_-phyte
sporophyte
88
What type of plants are angiosperms?
Flowering plants
89
Angiosperms (flowering plants) undergo ______ fertilization
double
90
What kind of endosperm do angiosperms have
triploid endosperm
91
In angiosperms, the ovules are enclosed in the _____ and the seeds in \_\_\_\_\_\_
carpelthe fruit
92
What vascular parts do the angiosperm have?
xylem and phloem
93
The generative cell divides and produces what
2 haploid sperm cells
94
tracheids may have evolved into what two type of cells in angiosperms
vessel elementsfiber cells
95
Describe the evolution of the carpel
leaf like structure with sporangia on it folded on itself, with sporangia on the inside
96
Evolution of the flower stems from
fusion of carpels
97
Fusion of carpels make up what structure? (aka multiple carpels)
the pistil
98
Advantages of the pistil
efficient deposition of pollenefficient movement of pollen tubes
99
A closed carpel protects the
ovules and seeds
100
Properties of monocots
flower parts in 3'sparallel veinsnarrow leavessingle cotyledon in seedsscattered vascular bundles
101
Properties of Dicots (Eudicots)
two cotyledons in seedsbroad leavesbranched veinsflower parts in 4,5'svascular bundles in an organized ring in the stem
102
For fruits the carpel turns into the _____ the ovary into the ____ and ovule into the \_\_\_\_
fruit wallactual fruitseed
103
Dispersal methods
wind, fruit (simple and aggregate), animal/organism, nuts
104
Wind and water dispersal are what type of transport?scientific name for wind dispersal is\_\_\_\_for water is \_\_\_\_\_
PassiveAnemophilyHydrophyil
105
Animals are what type of dispersal transport? the 3 scientific names?
activezoophily, ornithophily, enotmophily
106
The reward for pollination to animals (and 2 subcategories)
food-nectar-pollen
107
flower glands that create nectar are called
nectaries
108
pollen is high in what substance for animals?
protein
109
Two types of plants that do fly pollination
Arsitolochi-aceaeAr-aceae
110
Properties of fly pollinating flowers
dull colorstrong, bad odorsmall clusters
111
colors for bee & wasp pollination (what type of light in the spectrum?)
white, blue, yellow (not red generally)UV light
112
Moth pollination requires the moth to have what long organ?
toungue
113
Bird pollination follows flowers with what typical color and ordor?
Red flowers (tubular)Trick- no to weak odor
114
Bird pollination scientific name
ornithophilly
115
T/F: Flower pollinating birds are not separated geographically. There is no convergence
FALSEgeographically separated and yes convergence
116
Bat pollination flowers are usually ____ and a ____ color support the bats weight and lack of sight
robustwhite
117
Describe the fig wasp pollination method
-Females lay eggs in the fig ovaries while pollinating other ovaries at the same time-born male wasps mate with all the females and then burrow out the fig and then die. -females use the path created by the male to go out and pollinate more figs
118
fig and wasps show signs of co- _____ and co- \_\_\_
speciation and evolution
119
What exceptions to the co-evolution of fig and wasp relationship are there?
1 wasp to 2 fig species that are geographically separated2 wasps to 1 fig that covers a wide geographic area
120
The two flower parts that are thought to be modified leaves
carplestamen
121
What are whorls?
think of them as "layers" of flower parts (inside to outside)
122
To study how parts of plants work we compare them with ____ counterparts
mutant
123
Why do we use mutants to study plants?
-helps discern how a gene works by showing what happens to the plant when it doesn't work-cloned genes can give biochemical info
124
Researchers need both ___ and ____ info to understand a genes role
phenotypicbiochemical
125
The identification of a gene by mutant phenotype is called
forward genetics
126
Using a cloned/mutated gene to FIND a mutant phenotype is called
reverse genetics
127
What are homeotic genes/mutations?
genes/mutations that determine the developmental fate of ENTIRE portions of an organism
128
What is mutagenesis
The process of introducing a mutant to an organism to see what gene it affects to learn more info
129
Steps of Mutagenesis
-expose organism to mutagen-allow organism to reproduce and let mutagen affect whatever genes-observe the progeny of effects-ID the gene mutated
130
Stomata first appear in what plant?
Mosses
131
Overtopping growth is
one branch differentiating from another and grows above it
132
Triploidy is characteristic of what group of plants?
angiosperms
133
Megaphylls first appear in ____ and are found from then on
horsetails
134
The first land plants are seen during what period
Ordovician
135
First vascular plant fossils are found when
Silurian
136
Earliest gymnosperms are found in what period
Devonian
137
Earliest angiosperms found when
Jurassic period
138
Liverworts belong to the phylum
Hepatophyta
139
Hornworts belong to the phylum
Anthocerophyta
140
Mosses belong to the phylum
Bryophyta
141
Club Mosses belong to the phylum
Lycophyta
142
Ferns and related belong to the phylum
Pteridophyta
143
Do gametophytes or sporophytes produce more odor?
gametophytes
144
Water transport in non-tracheophytes?Sugar transport?
HydroidLeptoid
145
How do non-tracheophyte cells divide?
apical cell division
146
In the phylogenic tree, what other 2 traits come along with tracheids?
sporophyte dominancy and independencebranching
147
Rhizome(thick part) and Rhizoids (small parts) are what?
"roots" of non-tracheophytes(only anchors, that is the ONLY function)
148
The first tracheophytes had tracheids which also meant they had a \_\_\_\_
xylem
149
The only phylum with simple leaves are
lycophyta (club mosses)
150
Complex leaves (megaphylls) are first found in ____ and beyond
ferns (monilophytes/ Pteridophyta)
151
Heterospory is found in most or all of
gymno and angiosperms
152
Lycophyta are first found during what period
Devonian
153
Some heterospory is found in which two types of plants?
lycophyta and regular ferns
154
Whisk ferns were thought to be direct descendants of the _____ but actually is related to all the ferns
Rhyniophytes (first fossils of tracheophytes)
155
Horsetails (rush) are first seen in what period
Devonian
156
Describe the fern lifecycle
Starting from Meiosis-spore tetrad-germinating spore-mature gametophyte (with rhizoids)-antheridium/archegonium -sperm/eggFertilization-ebryo (unprotected)-sporophyte-mature sporophyte-sporangium
157
What is the male gametophyte dispersal product?
pollen
158
The "naked seed" term belongs to what group of plants?
gymnosperms
159
Name the phylums of the gymnosperms
Cycado-phytaginko-phytaGneto-phytaconifero-phyta
160
Non-motile sperm develops in which types of plants?
Gymnosperms (some) and angiosperms
161
Specifically which gymnosperms have developed non-motile sperm
Gnetophyta and coniferophyta
162
Rise of seed plants happen during which era?
Paleozoic
163
Gymnosperms are dominant during which era?
Mesozoic
164
Angiosperms are dominant during during which era?
Cenozoic
165
Describe the structure of a microsporangium (of gymnosperms)
Microsporophyll (the actual modified leaf)Microsporangium (outer covering)Microsporocytes (reproductive part)
166
Microsporangium undergo _____ to make microspores (1n)
meiosis
167
Microsporangium create what by going through meiosis?
spores (microspores)
168
What ploidy are microspores?
1n
169
Pollen grains are a product of what reproductive process?
Mitosis
170
Pollen grains are Micro-\_\_\_\_\_ and are they single or multiple-celled
microgametophytesmulticellular
171
What two type of cells are in pollen grains? What ploidy are they?
generative cells and tube cellall 1n
172
The pollen lands onto which part of the megassporangium to fertilize?
micropyle
173
Describe the structure of a megasporangium
megasporophyll (modified leaf)integument- outside coveringmegasporangium - inside spacemegasporocyte
174
The megasporangium undergoes ___ to from megaspores. How many megaspores are formed?
Meiosis4 megaspores
175
Describe in detail what the 4 megaspores from meiosis are composed of
1 functional spore and 3 degenerate spores
176
After the megasporangium forms the 4 megaspores it undergoes ____ to from the seed
mitosis
177
Name the parts of the gymnosperm seed from outside to in
integumentmegasporangiummegagametophytearchegoniumegg(pollen tube exists through all layers)
178
What structure digest the 3 degenerate megaspores?
the pollen tube
179
Name the parts of the ovule from outside to in
micropyle (opening)integument(pollen tubes through each layer)nucellusendosperm (megagametophyte)3 archegonia
180
In embryogenesis of gymnosperms the cotyledons are\_\_\_\_, the hypocotyl is the \_\_\_, and the portion near where the micropyle/pollen tubes were is the developing ____ are
the forming leavesspace bettween the forming leaves/the entire bodyroots/radical
181
Seed plants are different in embryogenesis in the way that they do not require any \_\_\_\_
external water
182
look at
gymnosperm life cycle later
183
Dioecious means what?
having a female plant and a male plant (female plant smells)
184
Name the parts of the ovule/ovary of an angiosperm
integuments (2 layers)synergids (things touching the egg)3 anti-podal cells (function unknown)egg2 polar nuclei
185
Name the parts of the sperm of the angiosperm
tube cell (body)generative cell/nucleustube cell nucleus
186
Describe the process of sperm entering the overy in angiosperms
1)Generative cell creates 2 haploid sperm cells2)Sperm enter the synergid and degenerates it3) one sperm fuses with the egg and the other with the polar nuclei
187
Describe the evolution of the stamen
The modified leaf with sporangia gradually shrunk until it is sandwiched between the 2 sporangia pairs
188
The cross section of a carpel looks like what?The cross section of a stamen looks like what?
And awkward peace symbol with sporangia in the enclosed open spacesa 4 leaf clover
189
Difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms tracheids wise?
Angiosperms now have vessel elements instead of just tracheids
190
Pollen is characteristic of which types of plants?
gymnosperms and angiosperms only
191
List all of the parts of a flower from inside to outsdie
Carpel/pistil (stigma-style-ovule)Stamen (anther- filament)Receptacle (part connecting flower to stem)PetalSepal
192
In what order do we count whorls from outside to inside
1, 2, 3, 4
193
Name whorls 1-4
1-sepal2-petal3-stamen4-carpels
194
Aquilegia is the genus resulting from
rapid adaptive radiation
195
Asexual reproduction involves how many parents?
1
196
Two main types of asexual reproduction are
vegetativeagamospermy
197
T/F: In asexual reproduction, there no meiosis, no fertilization, but there is recombination?
FALSEnone of any of those
198
List the modes (5) of vegetative reprodcution
RhizomesTillersBulbletsBubilsCuttings
199
Agamospermy is what?
Production of seeds identical to parents created without sex
200
Advantages of asexual reproduction
competitive advantage in relation to arealess efforteasy colonization
201
Disadvantages of asexual reproduction
barely any genetic variabilityoccupy smaller arealimited dispersal
202
Sexual reproduction is production of offspring through ____ and \_\_\_\_\_
meiosis and fertilization
203
Flowering plants are generally \_\_\_
hermaphroditic
204
Inbreeding Depression is
the reduction in fitness due to inbreeding compared to ones with outcrossing
205
What causes inbreeding depresssion
Reductions in viability and fertility
206
Downside to inbreeding
Genotypes alteredAllelic frequencies DONT changelow heterozygosityHomozygosity of bad genes
207
Strategies to prevent self-fertilization
Mechanisms promoting outcrossingtimingcreating incompatibility
208
What is the most ancient surviving plant linage?
Liverworts
209
Bryophytes (mosses) are dependent on water for reproduction because
the motile sperm need water to swim to the eggs
210
All plants produce ____ by meiosis and ____ by mitosis
spores by MEIOSISgametes by MITOSIS
211
T/F: The sporophytes of all plants are independent
FALSEnon-tracheophyte sporophytes are dependent
212
Which phylum diverged first from the tracheophytes?
Lycophyta!(the only ones with sporophylls)
213
One importance of the development of the xylem was its ability to provide
structural support
214
What is one evolutionary trait that is not shared by all land plants?
The xylem
215
Evidence that heterospory leads to advantages is that it has _____ several times
evolved
216
Sporangia can be IDed as the fossil Rhynia because meiosis produces \_\_\_\_-
4 haploid cells
217
stomata first appear in
hornworts
218
Which phylum is the only one that has independent gametophytes?
Pteridophyta (ferns)
219
What group of plants have a mature gametophyte with 8 nuclei?
Angiosperms (monocots and dicots)
220
What replaces the atheridium in gymnosperms?
pollen!
221
T/F: Archegonia and antheridia are multicellular
True
222
Most species of this group of plants are monoecious
gymnosperms (confiers)
223
Which phylum outside of angiosperms have vessel elements
Gnetophyta
