The Great Matter and Henry's break from Rome Flashcards
Factors motivating Hnery’s Great Matter for essay question
- Henry’s desire for a male heir
- The role of the Anne Boleyn faction
- State of the Church/ Reformist ideas vs support for Catholicism
- Belief the the marriage was against God’s will
What occured during the many pregnancies of COA, what did this show.
COA had several miscarriages, including 2 still births. Proved to Henry that there was little chance of the marriage producing a male heir, as her last pregnancy had been in 1518
In what year did Henry stop sleeping with COA and why
1524, as he no longer found her physically attractive and she was reaching an age that made bearing a child difficult. Still needed a male heir and her last pregnancy had been in 1518.
What religious book was used to claim marriage to COA was invalid and what did it say
Leviticus 20:21, states that ‘if a man shall take his brother’s wife… he shall be without children.’
What fact can be used to disprove Leviticus and thus Henry’s argument for a divorce
His marriage to COA had not left him childless, but rarther without a son/male heir, as his wife gave birth to his daughter Mary (their only surviving child).
What was the name of Henry’s illegitimate son
Henry Fitzroy
What does Henry’s religion say about his pursuit of his divorce
Henry was and remained a devoted Catholic throughout his life, and this undoubtedly played a major role in his seeking of a divorce, in favour of a legal marriage, as he believed his marriage to COA offended God’s law.
What did COA claim about her marriage to Arthur and how did this effect Henry’s GM
Claimed the marriage had never been consumated, and there was no proof of consumation. This effected Henry as in the Pope’s dispensation he overruled their marriage, to allow her to marry Henry, meaning this would act against him in his pursuit of a divorce, as he couldn’t prove they had never consumated.
What decision showed Henry’s need for a male heir
Henry’s decision to to promote his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as his male heir. He also appointed him as the Duke of Richmond.
Which event caused both Henry to move away from an alliance with Spain and to promote William Fitzroy
Charles V refusal of a marriage alliance in 1525, between himself and Mary Tudor.
What had COA always opposed and what did it mean for Henry’s GM
She had always been vs God’s law, meaning she argued vs Henry’s use of Leviticus 20:21, as it presented God’s own judgement on their marriage.
When did Henry begin to woo Anne and what were his intentions with her
1526, but only wanted her as a mistress but she refused, no intention of marrying her yet. Later offered her the position of his sole mistress, but again she disagreed, staing she would only sleep with him if she was to be his Queen.
What made the validity of Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn questionable
Henry had sex with Mary Boleyn, Anne’s sister and had her as one of his mistresses.
What role did Anne Boleyn’s brother play in January 1530 and was he successful at this
In January 1530 Anne’s brother (George Boleyn,2nd Viscount Rochford) went on a mission to Charles V and the Pope in Bologna, in which he attempted to gain support for Henry’s case. However he failed to do so.
What was the name of Anne’s brother and what role did he play in France.
George Boleyn, 2nd Viscount Rochford, attended a total of six foreign embassies to France. The first was between late October 1529 and late February 1530. George attended with John Stokesley, the Dean of the Chapel Royal. Their mission was to encourage the universities of France to support Henry VIII’s divorce from Catherine of Aragon. The universities’ response was initially negative, but George encouraged King Francis to write a strong letter in favour of the divorce, which was later used to reverse the universities’ decision.
What charges were used to execute George Boleyn and when was he executed
Acused of insest (adultory) with the Queen (one of 5 men accused of adultery with the Queen), as well as for plotting with the queen to kill the KIng. AKA high treason. Arested on arrested on 2 May 1536. George Boleyn and the other four men were beheaded on Tower Hill on the morning of 17 May 1536.
Which 5 men were beheaded for adultery with Queen Anne Boleyn and when were they executed
5 men: George Boleyn (insest and high treason). Arrested on 2 May 1536.
The four others implicated in the plot, Sir Henry Norris, Sir Francis Weston, Sir William Brereton, and Mark Smeaton were tried on Friday 12 May.
Executed on morning of 17 May 1536 on Tower Hill
When did Anne B become pregnant
December 1532, proving she had been less reluctant to sleep with Henry than previously thought.
What happend in January 1533 and April 1533
Henry married Anne Boleyn in secret, married by Cranmer (Archbishop of Canterbury), who also declared his marriage to COA as invalid in April 1533
When was Anne Boleyn crowned as Queen of England
May 1533
How many of Henry’s 6 wives were actually crowned Queen and which 2 were these
Only 2 crowned queen. The 2 were COA and Anne Boleyn.
Which group was Anne acquanted with and name some of the individuals. How did this effect the GM
Anne was acquanted with a group of reformist writers, who she introduced to Henry, including William Tyndale (who wrote ‘obedience of the Christian man’ using old testament evidence) and she attempted to protect those involved in the distribution of his English translation of the Bible. She knew several people involved in this including Thomas Garret and Thomas Forman. Garret was the curate and Forman the rector of All Hallows Church, Honey Lane, London. When they were arrested Anne wrote to Cardinal Thomas Wolsey asking for them to be relreased.
Who read the ‘obedience of a Christian man, when and why was it important. What did the book argue
Anne B read Tyndale’s book in 1528, which argued that the Kings had authority over the Church. It was taken away by Richard Sampson, the Dean of the Chapel Royal as it was a banned book. Boleyn claimed it was “the dearest book that ever dean or cardinal took away” and she eventually got it back. She now passed the book to Henry VIII with “certain passages marked by her fingernail for his attention”. Henry was impressed and commented that “by the help of the virtuous lady… his eyes were opened the see the truth” and pronounced it a book “for me and all kings to read”.
How did Campeggio describe Henry in February 1529
Henry ‘sees nothing and thinks nothing but Anne’.
How did Henry ask Anne for her hand in marraige/ try to win her over
Despite hating writing, Henry wrote a series of love letters to Anne, at the same time as he decided in his divorce from COA.
When and how was Anne Boleyn executed
Beheaded on the 19 May 1536
Who wrote the Collectanea Satis Capiosa and what did it claim
Written by Edward Foxe and Thomas Cranmer and was used in the Feb 1533 Act of Restraint of Appeals to Rome, used to begin the start of the transfer of the pope’s power to the King.
Great Matter motivation- largest motivation
The GM was primarily voted by his religious conscience and the belief that his marraige was against God’s will and would therefore not allow him to produce a male heir, due to the teachings of Leviticus 20:21. However undeniable that Henry’s lust for Anne Boleyn also played an important role, as it allowed the Boleyn faction to gain influence over Henry and introduce him to reformist views, as well as increase her own power, in the long run, by becoming Queen. The reformist views that she shared with Henry had a clear impact on his interest in a reformation/ breaking with Rome,
How old was Anne B when Henry first became interested in her in Feb 1526
19 years old
What was held several times to discuss the validty of Henry’s marriage to COA and what was the result
An ecclesiastical court met several times but was unable to reach any clear conclusion and so referred the case to Rome.
How did Henry aim to persuade COA to separate on 22nd June 1527 and what was the outcome
Asked COa to seperate as he said they had been living in sin. He asked her to co-operate and to choose a house to retire in until the matter had been resloved. COA was stunned and upset and made it clear she would resist any divorce.
What papal request was made by Wolsey in Jan 1528
Wolsey wrote to the Pope in Jan 1528, asking for the papal legate, Lorenzo Campeggio, to be sent to England to pass judgement on the King’s marriage.
How did Wolsey and later Campeggio try to remove COA from the matter
Put pressure on COA to retire to a convent (become a nun), which would leave the King free to marry, as the Pope would agree to this as Catherine would become married to God. Campeggio met with Henry on 22 Oct 1528 and after realising Henry would settle for nothing less than divorce, he too agreed to try and persuade COA to join a convent, but he failed too.
When did Campeggio arrive in England, where did he land and what did the Pope order him to do
Arrived at Dover on 29 Sept 1528, and was told by the Pope to avoid making a decision for as long as possible (delay).
Who did COA have the full support of
The English people
What happend to COA in Nov 1528
Seperated from her daughter Mary and told couldn’t see her whilst did not obey King’s orders. COA had intented to live and die a married woman.
Who represented COA during her trial from 31 May-16 Jily 1529
Chose Archbishop Warham, Cuthbert Tunstall, Bishop of Ely and St Asaph and her main supporter, John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester as her representatives.
When was Henry summoned to Rome and what was he to appear before.
Summoned to appear before the papal curia in August 1529, which infuriated him and raised his awarness that the Pope may never grant him a divorce. TURNING POINT
Cranmer’s approach to the divorce
Use Doctors of Divinity in the universities to decide the outcome of Henry’s marriage as it was thewho had studied the bible and were therefore better qualified to discuss its meaning. If they found marriage to be invalid the that was all needed for Archbishop of Canterbury to pronounce King a free man. Henry impressed by Cranmer and told him to set aside other woek and focus only on GM. Also impressed by King, not Pope as supreme head.
Who succeeded Wolsey as Lord Chancellor
Thomas Cromwell
Church reform of nov 1529
Offices to be held by any one man was reduced to 4, this measure was not well recieved by the clergy. Procedures for murderers and felons seeking sanctaury were made more severe. Acts were passed to remedy abuses by the church. Fees to be charged for probate and mortuary were limited.
Thomas Cronwell’s attempt to reform/his aims in reforming
Tried to use a papal bull obtained by Wolsey in 1518, that allowed some reform of the monastries Cronwell’s aim= to close all smaller monastires and redirect their wealth to the crown. There were in excess of 800 religious houses in Eng with over 10,000 monks, nuns and friars.
In what time period did the universities decide on Kings GM
Feb-April 1530
What did the Universities decide about the King’s GM. Stat for decision at Oxford
Camberidge Uni= quite strong opposition to divorce so they had to be careful which doctors they picked.
The Uni declared the marriage as vs divine law (as married brother’s widow).
Stronger oppositon at Oxford uni, so more care needed in the selection of Doctors to make decision. Decided by 27 votes to 22 in Henry’s favour
Votes over GM at Oxford uni
Decided as vs Divine Law by 27 votes to 22 in Henry’s favour.
Who were sent a sum of money by Henry
Those who helped him to search for info from Leviticus or other bible passages that would help prove the king’s case. Used scholars and sent them money
When was Henry’ 2nd calling to Rome and what did it do to Hen
Recieved a citation ordering him to Rome in Dec 1530 oredering him to appear in Rome to state his case. His anger with Rome was increasing.
Who was Pope during time of GM
Peope Clement II
Who was Pope during time of GM
Pope Clement II
When and where did Henry begin living opemley with Anne B
Began living together openly at Greenwivh in late Oct 1531.
What did the Pope order Henry to do on 5th Jan 1531 and what would happen if he refused
Pope issued a brief to Henry, ordering him to seperate from Anne and that he was not free to re-marry. If he did so without permission form Rome any future childern of his would be considered illegitimate.
When did the Pope delay any further hearing of the divorce and for how long.
Pope postponed any hearing of Henry’s divorce for a year in Jan 1532.
When was the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates signed and what was it
Signed on 21 March 1532, it limited payments to Rome to 5% of the net revenue of the church. Henry went into House of Commons and aksed all who supported the bill to sit on one side and those who didn’t to sit on the other side.
What date was the Submission of the Clergy and who was it signed by
15 May 1532
Signed by all Bishops and took the form of a short document.
4 terms/concessions of the Submission of the Clergy
- The clergy would make no new laws without the consent of the monarch.
2.Clergy would allow all existing laws to be reviewed by a commission of clergy and laymen appointed by the king.
3.Convocation would not meet without first obtaining royal permission.
The clergy accepted the King as their lawmaker, rarther than the Pope.
Who resigned on 16th May 1532, the day after the Submission of the Clergy
Thomas More resigned as he was deeply opposed to the break from Rome, resigning his position as Chancellor on the grounds of ill health
When did Anne B fall pregnant and what did Henry have to do
Fell pregnant in Jan 1533. Henry knew he had to marry Anne as soon as possible to ensure the child’s legitimacy. Decided marriage should be done quickly but kept secret until an act could be passed abolishing all appeals to Rome.
When and where were Henry and Anne secretly married
Secretly married in presence of 4 or 5 witnesses on the 25th Jan 1533 in the King’s private chapel at Whitehall.
When was the Act in Restraint of Appeals signed and what was it
Signed on the 7th April 1533 and it forbade all appeals to foreign tribunals in all spiritual, revenue and testamentary cases. Spiritual and secular jurisdiction was to be the ultimate responsiblity of the king and the Pope’s right of intervension was abolished, meaning he no longer had the power to rule over matrimonial cases.
When was Thomas Cranmer formally authorised to pass judgement on KIng’s marriage to COA and what did he decalre
12th April 1533.
On 13 May 1533 he declared Henry’s marriage to COA null and void on the grounds that it was contrary to divine law and in a hearing, on 28th May 1533, at Lambet Palace Cramner proclaimed Henry’s marriage to Anne B as legal.
Which act was introduced to enforce the Act in Restraint of Appeals and when was it introduced
The Act in Restraint of Annates was brought in in May 1533 to enforce the act of 1532.
When and where was Anne’s coronation
Crowned Queen Consort at Westminster Abbey on 1 June 1533.
When was Elizabeth I born
7 Sept 1533
Who did Henry blame for denying him a male heir after Elizabeth I’s death
Anne Boleyn and God
What charge was given to the clergy as a whole and when.
In December 1530 the clergy as a whole were charged with Praemunire. This accusation of the clergy wass an attack on the power of the Catholic Church to exercise power through ecclestical courts in England.
How did the clergy being charged with Praemunire effect Henry
Benefited Henry as he pardoned the clergy, in return for a fine of £119,000 to be paid to Henry by the church
When and what was the Convocation of Canterbury
The 1531 Convocation of Canterbury recognised Henry as the supreme head of the church ‘so far as the law of Christ allows’. He was also the protector of the church. Tachnically made Henry more powerful than the Pope and sgowed how far he was willing to go to increase his/gain power.
What was the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates and when was it signed
The Act in Restraint of Annates was signed on the 21 March 1532 and banned the payment of Annates (a years revenue paid by the church to the Pope upon the appointment of a bishop to his see/position). It also threatend that bishops could be consecrated by English authorities. Challenged Pope’s main function as leader of the church. Brought into force by the May 1533 Act in Restraint of Annates
When was the Supplication of the Ordinaries and what did it result in/ what were the terms
March 1532
3 main terms:
1.Clergy were not to enact any church laws without royal permission
2.Existing church law was to be examined by a royal commission.
3.Henry complained that the clergy only gave him 50% loyalty, as they also owed alliance to the Pope.
What was the 1534 Act of dispensations
Appeals for any special matter/ dispensation (e.g granting a marriage) now to be handled by the King’s court of the Chancery and not by the Pope/Archbishop’s court as it had been previously.
On what terms did the Pope sign the special dispensation allowing Henry to marry COA/ his brother’s widow
Granted on terms that it would keep the peace between Spain and England by creating an alliance, however England and Spain were not at war at the time so its validity can be challenged.
When was Elizabeth I born nad who was her mother
Born on 7 September 1533, Anne Boleyn.
What did the Act in Conditional Restraint of Annates do
21 March 1532. Limited payments to Rome to 5% of the net revenue of the church.
What changed for Mary Tudor in September 1533
She would no longer be referred to as princess, her household was to be disbanded and her servants were told to remmove her badge from their liveries.
When did Charles V agree to marry Mary Tudor and what treaty was this agreement a part of.
Chalres V agreed to marry Mary Tudor, Henry’s daughter and heir at the time under the Treaty of Bruges, which was signed on the 15th August 1521.
When did Charles V decide he would not marry Mary Tudor
1525
What happend in December 1533 between England and the Papacy
An order was issued stating the Pope had no more power in England than any other bishop. Now to be referred to as the Bishop of Rome.
When did Anne B announce that she was pregnant for the second time
December 1533
When was the Act in Absolute Restraint of Appeals and what did it do
Early 1534.
Put into effect the terms of the 1532 act and transferred all payments from the Pope to the King. Henry was declared to be ,next to Christ, the only Supreme Head on Earth of the Church of England. Also staated all later bishops and abbots to be elected by the king.
What is the Act against Peter’s Pence and when was it issued
Issued in 1534, and forbayed the payment of Peter’s Pence and other payments to Rome. Passed by English Reformation party in 1534
What was the Peter’s Pence payment and how much was Henry’s usual fee to Rome due to this
donations or payments made directly to the Holy See of the Catholic Church. Began in 1031. Usually cost Henry over £4 (paid to Rome).
When was the Act of Successon passed
23 March 1534
What was the Act of Succession
Act brought in on 23 March 1534 to exclude Mary from the succession, with his new heir coming from the children from his marriage to Anne Boleyn.
When was the Oath of Succession introduced
23rd March 1533
Who were first made to swear the oath of succession.
The KIng’s councillors, who would then supervise their inferior officers.
What role did sheriffs play in ensuring the oath of succession was taken
Sheriffs would ensure that JPs took the oath and the JPs in return would ensure that all householders took the oath.
What was the punishment for refusal to take the Oath of succession
Charged for treason and could even be executed.
Name 2 men who refused to swear the oath of succession and what happend as a result of this. Also give the date of their refusal
John Fisher and Thomas More refused to take the Oath of Succession on the 13th April 1534. As a result of this John Fisher was put on trial on June 17th, 1535, found guilty of treason and executed on June 22nd, 1535, at Tower Hill. On the 6th July 1535, Henry VIII’s former friend and Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas More, was beheaded on Tower Hill for High treason.
When and what was the Act of Parliament-Church
Spring 1534 act passed that granted 1/10 of all clerical income to the crown.
Decribe events in Church during Spring/Summer 1534
Henry wanted to be sure that his subjects knew that papal supremacy had been replaced by royal supremacy. He ordered all parish priests to erase all references to the Pope from the prayer books. All preachers were told that their parishioner must be left in no doubt that the King, and only the King, was Head of the Church
What were the terms of the Act of Succession and when were they proclaimed across the land
Terms proclaimed across the land on 1 May 1534. The people were warned that if they said or wrote anything against the Ling’s present marriage or his lawful heirs, they would be guilty of treason, punishable by death
When was Anne delivered a still born and how did Henry react
Anne was delivered a stillborn in June/July 1534 and not wanting to lose face a second time, Henry ordered the details to be kept a secret
When was the Act of Supremacy passed
November 1534
What did the Act of Supremacy do/ state
Declared England as a sovereign state with the King as the head of both country/state and Church. Stated King was to become Supreme Head of Church and would have to power to visit, redress, reform or correct all errors, heresies and enormities which would previously have been dealt with by another spiritual authority. King could define faith in parliament. The King also had power to appoint men of his choosing to the most important ecclesiastical posts. Henry now has more power than ever as within his own realm he was superior to the Pope and all taxes formally paid to Rome would now be paid to the King.
Which powers did the Act of Supremacy grant Henry
Stated King was to become Supreme Head of Church and would have to power to visit, redress, reform or correct all errors, heresies and enormities which would previously have been dealt with by another spiritual authority. King could define faith in parliament. The King also had power to appoint men of his choosing to the most important ecclesiastical posts.
When was the Treason Act and what did it go hand in hand with
November 1534 alongside Act of Supremacy
What was the role of the 1534 Treason Act
Nov 1534. Made it a treasonable offence to challenge the King’s titles or authority. It stated that malicious will, wish or desire to deprive the King or Queen of title or mane of their royal estates was to be deemed treason. Writing or word saying the King was a heretic, schismatic, tyrant, infidel or usurper would also be a treasonable offence. Main function of act is to make it a treasonable offence to deny King as Supreme Head of Church
Also enabled parliament to enforce Act of Succession under death penalty.
How did Henry treat John Fisher after he refused to swear Oath of Succession and how had their relationship been up to this event
John Fisher was Bishop of Rochester and tutored Henry as a young prince. He supported him in his early reign, however spoke out vs divorce from COA in favour of marrying Anne. Initially fined £300 for this (could bankrupt) and was later executed after refusing to swear Oath of Succession
What was the Act Concerning the Archbishop of Canterbury and when was it passed
Passed in Spring 1534
The Arch Bishop of Canterbury’s power of dispensation now but under the control of the King.
Financial benefits for Henry as the Archbishop must now pay 2/3 of profits made to the King.
Also gave the King the power to visit monasteries
What were the financial causes of the Dissolution 3 factors
- Fear of Catholic Crusade from France and HRE, with backing of Pope. Aim to restore true religion and papal authority in England. Threat worsened by Pope’s excommunication of Henry and his calling on Francis I and Charles V to attack England. Needed to increase crown finance to fund large programmes of building fortifications and defences. Dissolution helped to pay for this.
- Money and land from dissolution allows Cromwell to avoid imposing heavy taxes, thus preventing rebellions and public risings, as well as being able to pay off/reward supporters and this opposing the dissolution.
- Would help to fund another French invasion (Henry’s principal aim) He did so w/ 3rd French War in 1543
How did Henry prepare for the possible threat of a Catholic Crusade and an invasion by Charles V and Francis I (with Pope’s support)
Surveyed English coastline, informing him of what fortifications needed to be built. Dissolution funded the greatest construction project England had ever seen, with coastal maps being marked with new defences and forts. Ver expensive, using finance and building materials from the dissolved monasteries.
Also built new ships to intercept any invading forces. These ships were newly designed and many were built (causing Henry to be know as the Farther if the Royal Navy).
Where did some of Henry’s largest opposition come from
Monastic houses
What happens in 1534
Henry received an anonymous proposal suggesting the confiscation of all ecclesiastical lands, in return for crown to support the clergy with annual salaries. Began Cromwell’s desire to make crown self-sufficient and avoid imposing heavy taxes, which threatens the crowns security
Give examples of Early English Protestantism
- Martin Luther’s attack on the church in Germany from 1517 which gave rise to Protestantism, with its followers rejecting papal authority and believing in faith alone. German Protestants came to London and eastern England in the 1520s, and a group based in Cambridge included Thomas Cranmer. Although their ideas attracted some Christian humanists, there was little committed attempt to spread Lutheran Protestantism before the ‘King’s Great Matter’ brought discussion of religious views.
What did Henry VIII wnat from religion after his Break with Rome
Henry wanted religious unity not diversity- to avoid civil war and challenge to authority.
Henry did not back Lutheran statements e.g the Augsburg Confession
He sought a middle way
In which year were the Ten Articles introduced and what did Henry do to avoid religious diversity
1536.
Henry called the bishops together to “avoid deversity” of belief.
Describe the religious doctrine of the Ten Atricles
Stressed 3 sacraments as more important than the others (baptism, penance, Eucharist). (Catholic)
Works of charity were stressed as vital to salvation. (Catholic)
Gave some support to justification by faith (a Protestant idea)
Teachings on transubstansiation were reasserted.
‘Popish purgatory’ was rejected ie. mechanical prayer or indulgences. Yet Mass for the Dead was not rejected.
Images were defended but caution expressed over superstitous prayers. Prayer to saints was also permitted. (Middle way)
Key Catholic ceremonies defended eg vestements, holy water, lighting of candles. However, these actions were only supported as symbols and not as sacraments as they had once been.
What was the aim of the Ten Articles
The Ten Articles were moderate and sought to unify the people. They also aimed to simplify remove abuses from religious practice, yet it was not a completely Catholic position.
What years the injunctions
1536 and 1538
In what year was Cromwell’s injunctions and what was there purpose
- Aimed to enforce the Ten articles.
- The clergy were to teach the Ten Articles
- No sermons on images/relics, miracles
- Undermining of devotion to the saints ie holy days reduced P
- Pilgramiges to be restricted. P
Who developed the first issue of the English Bible
In 1537 Cranmer sent Cromwell a copy of the Matthew’s Bible in English, which was then licensed for printing.
What impact did Tyndale have on the creation of the English bible
Henry had previously banned Tyndale’s bible but later called for an English translation
When was the Great Bible published and who was it witten by and how did it compare to Tyndale’s edition
Coverdale’s revision of the Bible- The Great Bible -was published in 1538. It was a far less radical ytranslation than Tyndale’s
How did Henry control the English Bible
Reading of the Bible was to be controlled to avoid further dispute or challenge to authority. Later legislation further controlled access.
What was the Bishop’s Book and when was it published
Published in 1537.
- Reflected concern about the lack of unity shown by the 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace.
- The Bishops were charged with producing a clear guide to doctrine but there was extensive division between reformers and conservatives.
- Henry corrected the original draft, making 250 alterations. King altered wording on justification by faith, changed the emphasis on the sacrament of extreme unction amongst others.
What was the Bishop’s Book’s view on images and other religious areas
The book was ambiguous on images, saints, and practices of prayer and devotion.
What was the Bishop’s Book’s view on transubstantiation
Transubstantiation was upheld and the missing four sacrements were replaced (C), although ranked in order of importance (P)
Which religious side did the Bishop’s Book take
The Bishop’s Book was a compromise/ middle way but still contained only very small steps away from traditional Catholic teachings.
What was the Royal Proclamation of 1538
Stressed the ‘via media’. It critisised those who sought to change ceremonies that hadn’t been removed. Stressed the need for Lack of Superstitions and went on to stress the importance of the word of God. Not a new position- maintained the need for unity and adherence to the middle way as Henry saw it.
Which event emphasised Henry’s traditional beleif on mass
The prosecution of John Lambert for his denial of transubstantiation emphasised Henry’s traditional belief on Mass.
What were the injunctions of 1538. Were they more Catholic or Protestant
Instructions to the clergy on:
- Reducing the role of images (P)
- To encourage works of charity (C) as laid down in the Bible (P)
- To preach vs reliance on pilgramige, rosaries,etc (P)
- No candle lighting except for before the tabernacle
- Removal of images that were the object of pilgrimage (ie step against cults of saints).
