Edward religion Flashcards
When and what was the Act of Chantries and how do most historians view this
November 1547
Allowed Crown to seize chantries and colleges of priests and appropriate their revenues.
By 1548 they were all gone.
Passed by Henry VIII’s last parliament in 1545 but not collected. Chantries= money collected for prayers for the dead but most historians view Ed’s pusuit of chantries as a genuine attempt to reform rarther than plunder
Who had headed conservative faction for over a decade and who was in from control at point of Ed’s succession
Duke of Norfolk headed conservative faction for over a decade and was arrrested and son, Earl of Surrey beheaded, and escaped death due to Henry’s death. At time of succession evangelical sympathisers were in firm control.
By which year had all chantries and colleges of priests been destroyed
1548
How was the clergy’s seperation in status from laity undermined
By allowing clerics to marry and by making regualr confession of sin (one of main forms of clerical control pf laity) optional rather than compulsory
Which objects were destroyed after Royal Orders for destruction of all images in church. What did this represent
Hacking down of statues, whitewashing over wall-paintings. Represented an offically-sponsered campaign of conscious vandalism without precedent in Christian church. Much old ceremonial was abolished.
How many chantries were destroyed following 1547 act
Over 3000
When was the First Prayer Book intrduced and what did it do and how did people feel about it.
Introduced in December 1548
First Book of Common Prayer - services in English instead of traditional Latin; traditional robes in church; no prayers for the dead; allowed clerical marriage. Many unhappy with this as it was a fudge and was neither catholic nor protestant.
What was the Book of Homolies and Paraphrases. When was it established and by what year had it been implemented in most parish churches
Book of Homilies & Paraphrases was introduced in 1547 - Book of model sermons (homolies) and Erasmus’ paraphrases of New Testiment written by Cranmer, established in almost all parish churches by 1549.
Included some Prot sermons eg one on justification by faith alone
Which event in 1548 made Cranmer’s religious policy an international and national concern
1548 Interim of Augsburg imposed by HRE Charles V attemped to achieve a compromise between his warring Prot and Cath subjects. Gave extremelly limited concessions to Prots, and refugees from its enforement of the Interim fled to Eng, providing Cranmer with both welcome advice and unwelcome criticism.
Problems faced by Cranmer and Ed’s gov due to internation scale of religious policy after 1548
1) National level: Task of completing and uncompromised Reformation, while not provoking desperate violence from large part of populations vs his aims. Difficulty revealed by rebellion 1549 in Devon and Cornwall
Reason for and scale of 1549 rebellion in Devon and Cornwall
Large-scale rebellion due to intro of 1st prayer book.
Its messy and prolonged suppression contributed to Somerset’s downfall.
1547 Treason Act significance
Treason Act Repealed - removal of old heresy, treason and censorship Laws; allowed free discussion of religion and therefore lead to the rapid spread of radical ideas from Europe.
Able to speak on religion without fear of arrest or imprisonment and could use printing press freely.
Describe the result/ impact of the 1547 Royal Visitation
After commisioners sent to examine state of clergy and doctirine and practices of church, resulted in espiscopal authority being suspended until visitation had been fully complete in autumn 1547.
Who objected to the book of homilies and paraphrases and what was consequence
Gardiner and Bonner
Both were imprisoned
When was the Repeal of Act of Six Articles
4 Nov- 24 Dec 1547
Impact of Repeal of Act of Six Articles
1547
Repealed Act of Six Articles passed in 1539 which had re-established key catholic doctrines (upheld transubstantiation and need for priests to remain celibate)
Left the church without an official doctrine
What was stated in the proclomation of 24 April 1548
Only authorised clergy can preach
Gov felt was necessary as was a flood of unauthorised Prot preachers following repeal of treason and heresy laws
Proclomation of 23 Sept 1548
No preaching allowed until new litergy introduced
Clear sign gov feared matters were getting out of hand.
When was 1st Act of Uniformity introduced and what purpose did it serve
Made 1st Book of Common Prayer the officila liturgy of church. Very effectively enforced, despite pockets of resistance- most notable = Western Rebellion
When was the New Treason Act introduced and what was its impact
Jan 1552
Made it an offense to question the Royal Supremacy or any articles of faith in the church
When was the 2nd Book of Common Prayer introduced was what was its impact
Introduced Jan 1552
Highly Protestant document (produced by Cranmer w/ advise from Bucer)
Removed all traces of Catholicism and clearly established a Eucharist ceremony in line w/ Calvin’s belief in a ‘spiritual presence’
Prayers for the dead and wearing of vestaments were removed.
When was 2nd Act of Uniformity and what was its impact
Introduced April in 1552
Enforced Second Book of Common Prayer.
Become an offense for both clergy and laity not to attend church of Eng services.
New service was introduced in every parish
Religious changes under Somerset
1) 1547 Treason Act- allowed religious ideology and issues to be discussed and removed censorship. Protestant material could be brought into England legally for 1st time
2) Chantries Act 1547- over 3000 by 1548
3) Spate of iconoclasm in London, leading to widespread destruction; injunctions of 1538 vs pilgramages and other traditional Cath practices were reissued in 1547
4) In 1549 Cranmer introduced Prot Book of Common Prayer to be used for all church services and enforced by Act of Uniformity. The book;
Translated from latin to English
Was ambiguous in relation to Eucharist (Communion service) using wording which might still allow the Catholic belief in transubstantiation.
Religious changed under Northumberland
1) Increasingly radical religious reforms
2) Cranmer becoming more radical as seen via 2nd Book of Common Prayer in 1552
3) Ed’s influence of policy-making meant more Prot as his influence was incresing and he was a devoted Prot, king saw it as his mission to destroy idoltary
4) More radical senior clergy becoming more influential eg Nicholas Ridley (Bishop of London), John Hooper (Bishop of Glouchester)
5) Eminent continental reformers had moved to Eng and were influencing decisions on religious matters.
6) Religious changes:
1- Removal of altars and reforms to Church services, combining Lutheran and Calvinist elements
2- 1552 Prayer Book and accompanying Act of Uniformity, removed ‘conservative’ ceremonies and gave Protestants form to the baptism, conformtion, burial and Communion Services (removing ambiguity of 1549 Book) Also banned traditional vestements, introducing simpler replacements and restricted Church music
3- Cranmer’s Forty-Two Articles of Religion
When was 42 articles of religion, when introduced and by who
Cranmer’s Forty-Two Articles of Religion was introduced in 1553. Provided an official doctrine for Prot (although Ed’s death meant never implemented)
Religious rebellion
1)1549- Western Rebellionin Devon and Cornwall in June and July due to religious grievances (prayer book of 1549 was catalyst) and the sheep tax
Besieged in Exeter but defeated in August by Lord Russel’s troops and revolt supressed.
2) Major rebellions in East Anglia
Example of poor quality of clergy
Inextremely effective: of those surveyed 10/311 couldn’t reciete Lord’s prayer and 171/311 couldn’t repeat the 10 commandments
Spread of Bishops according to survey
8 ambiguous, 9 Prot, 10 Cath
