Henry VII source question Flashcards
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Rebellions Consolidation FP Gov Law and Order Nobles control Finance
Ways to increase crown finance
1) 1486 Acts of Resumption (all land lost before 1455)
2) 138 Acts of Attainders passed (46 revoked)
3) Wardships took land from heirs of dead nobles
How many times richer was Henry than richest noble
20x
What were Henry’s 4 closest advisors not
nobles
How many nobles did court of Star Chamber bring to justice for illegal retaining
10 (improvement from past monarchs)
1504 retaining lisence price
£5/man/month
How did Hnery limit authority of nobles in Royal Council
Only met 5 times
Who did Hnery place in charge of North and why
Early of Surrey
Had no allies/support there
Hwo did Henry use marriages to prevent over-mighty subjects
Prevented inter-marriage of noble families
Example of noble fined harshly
Lord Beaugeuvanny fined £70,000 howeveer allowed to pay £5,000/year as would bankrupt him
Couldn’t enter land until all paid
How did Henry reward supporters without giving wealth
11 Knights of the Garter (patronage)
Num of noble families in 1509
Only 20-30 due to wardships and attainders
When was Council Learned in Law introduced and why
1495
Collect fuedal dues and wardships owed to king as fuedal lord
Describe his approach to finance
Changed from slow and cumbersome Exchequer after 1487 to chamber system. More personal approach to finance
Number of royal councillors under Hnery VII
227
But 7-24 regular attendees
How many times parliament meet and for how many weeks did it sit
7 times
72 weeks
How many JPs/ region or locality
18
Henry vII annual income
£113,000
Income from wardships increase in reign
£350 in 1485
£6,000 in 1509
What percentage of revenue went through Chamber system
80%
By how much did land revenue increase under Henry VII
45%
Rose to £42,000
Who headed CLIthelaw
Empson and Dudley
By how much did 1507 book of rates increas income
20%
Council learned in law income 1504-1508
£30,000
Example of Bonds vs nobles
Earl of Westmorland fined £10,000 after Bosworth
Income from knighthood of Arthur from parliament in 1504
£30,000
Custom duties rise under Hnery VII
£33,000 - £40,000
What was Henry the first English monarch to avoid
1st English monarch not to be surrounded by barons whose united wealth and power were greater than his own. Avoid over-mighty subjects
How many of Henry’s councillors had served Ed IV
1/2
Who controlled Council of North before Surrey
great boarder families of Percy, Neville Scrope and Dacre who ruled like independent princes with their own forces and with aristocratic authority
Example of Henry cutting short expensive endeavour in France ton assert claim in favour of finance
1492 Treaty of Etaples
£159,000 French pension favoured over conflict
Examples of increasing reputation and privilege abroad
1489 marriage allaince of Arthur and COA Medina del Campo
When did Arthur and COA marry
1501
How many of the attainders were passed 1504-09 and what does this suggest about later period of reign
51
Suggests paranoia and insecurity vs nobles at end of reign
Example of paying for reversal of an attainder
Sir Thomas Tyrell : £1,738
Policy on vacant lands
Absorbed into crowns land
How did Henry use class of people he hired
Hired lower class and not nobles so were reliant upon him for their status and wealth.
Who else had used Chamber system of finance
Ed VI
Court of Audit purpose
Monitor gov spending
Examples of use of loans and benevolences
1491: £48,000 was raised for war in Brittany, of which £9000 was contributed by city of London
Example of Simony to raise crown finance
Sold offices eg raised £300 for post of Archdeacon of Buckingham
What did Parliament grant Henry for life
tonnage and poundage
When was Arthur born and when did he die
Sept 1489
1502
What does Lovell rising show about Henry’s position
Secure as crushed rebels and captured and executed Humphrey Stafford
Lack of enthusiasm in area of Yorkist support in Midlands and Rich III’s heartlands of support in the North Riding of Yorkshire
How was Henry able to disprove Simnel’s Yorkist claims
Parading Earl of Warwick from Tower around London
Who did Warbeck claim to be
Richard, Duke of York
What did execution of Earl of Warwick in 1499 do
Ridded Henry of most obvious potential Yorkist claimant to throne
How much did Henry receive from extraordinary taxation
over £400,000
3 types of councillors
1) Nobles eg Lord Daubeney and Dynham
2) Churchmen like John Morton and Richard Fox (often had legal training and excellent administrators)
3) Laymen (gentry or lawyers) skilled administators eg Dudley and Sir Reginald Bray
Who does historian David Loades argue was Hnery’s most influential advisor
His mother, Lady Margaret Beaufort
Who made up the Great Council
Lords met without Commons
Occassional rarther than a permanent body
Who first led Learned in Law
Sir Reginald Bray
How does modern historian John Guy describe this body
a ‘specialist board’
Was Learned in Law a court of law
Was not recognised as a court of law and those who appeared before it had no chance to appeal
What does historian Thomas Penn argue Council Learned in Law caused
Fear, frustration and anger as it bypassed normal legal system
By which foreign courts was Henry’s court inspired
Burgundy and France
Describe medieval monarchy
Personal so political power and influence of an individual depended more on relationship with monarch not specific offices held. Therefore, access to king was main way to enhance power.
How many parliaments in last 14 years
Met twice after 1495
Income from First Fruits and Tenths 1487-97
£203,000 in total
Historian Paul Cavill’s view on parliament
Operated effectively on a whole. King respected its decisions and number of private acts passed in response to local demands for improvements
Who controlled northwest as magnate and who controlled northeast and yorkshire
the Stanleys
Earl of Northumberland
How did Henry ensure compliance/lack of power of noble magnates
In much of rest of country relied on nobles that he didn’t trust eg Earl of Oxford and Lord Deubeney but they lacked the resources of greater magnates.
Alos created a spy network to report on magnate performance and imposition of bonds and recognizances
By how much dud income from rents rise under Henry VII
£12,000 at start if reign rose to £42,000
What was use of 1489 Statue of Uses law
Prevented landed property from being turned into trusts to aviod taxation
Rebellion provoked by tax
1489 Yorkshire and 1497 Cornwall
How much finance was left by Henry’s solvent crown. How did compare to Beacon’s estimate
£300,000 of plate and jewels
£10,000 cash
Far lower than Beacon’s estimate of £1.8 million
See historiogprahy
See historiogprahy
Min aim of Henry’s FP
Secure his dynasty and favoured finance over costly wars.
FP success or failure
Failure with French aquisition of Brittany and ultimate failure of Spanish alliance
Success with his priorities as by mid 1490s all European powers abandoned support for Yorkist pretenders and Eng never faced an active alliance of hostile powers.
Eng not powerful enough to wage war and could affrod to be bystander in H-V conflict/Italian Wars thereofre exclusion from League of Cambra not disastrous sinace all members preocupued in Italy.
Role of court of requests
Handled cases brought forward by poorer people, who previosly had no chance of justice
Impact of money being through chamber (80% of finance by end of reign)
Money immediately available for royal use and the Jewel House, in Tower of London effectively became a kind of crude royal bank where financial reserves stored.
How is Henry’s personal approach to fianance shown before and after 1503
Before 1503: Every entry of a receipt was initialled by him
After 1503: Every page
Comaper Henry annual income to Ed IV
Ed IV £65,000
Hen £103,000
Was Hnery’s fiancial approach a revolution
NO
No new revenue sources, but Learned etc managed existing more effectively, Chamber system was same as Ed IV and Chamber system was crude.
How much was he able to loan to Habsburg
£300,000
suggesting a financial powerhouse in Europe and secure
How many families in English peerage and how many placed under bond to Henry at some point
62
36
Cause of Bearguvenny £70,000 fine
Illegal retaining
How many inhabitants for every paid official in Eng vs France
Eng: 1/4000
France: 1/400
How did Henry govern provinces/ localities
Reliant on aristocratic families eg Percy, Stanley
How was Wales governed
Council under Prince Arthur
