Opposition to the Henrician reform Flashcards
When and why was John Lambert put on trial
Put on trial for heresy in November 1538 as a dramatic demonstration of Henry’s Catholic Ordoxy
When and why was John Lambert put on trial
Put on trial for heresy in November 1538 as a dramatic demonstration of Henry’s Catholic Ordoxy. reminder to Europe that, despite his Break with Rome and the Dissolution of the Monastries, Herny was no heretic. It also sereved as a warning that though the king would reform abuses (changing some Catholic aspects) he would not tolerate heresy, especially on the eucharist (the Christian service, ceremony, or sacrament commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed). Mainly was a sign to Henry’s Catholic subject that he was in fact one of them.
What did the proclomation of November 16 1538 pronounce
Portrayed same message as his involvement in Lambert trial, Henry was still a Catholic and wouldn’t accept heresies. This was shown via condemning the free circulation of the Bible (now available in English with The Great Bible of 1538), denial of the real prescence and the marriage of priests. Henry was endorsing popular hate of the ‘new learnings’ and its supporters.
What did Elizabeth Barton oppose
She chiefly condemned the King’s marriage to Anne, the greater hersies and schisms within the realm, and the taking away the liberties of the Church. She became a leading campaign vs the divorce, passing reprimands from the Virgin and Mary Magdelane to those involved. In 1528 she threatend Wolsey with God’s retribution if he proceeded with the divorce; sending a similar message to the Pope; and she told Henry to his face that he would be dead within a month if he divorced COA.
Who was Elizabeth Barton.
Fell seriously ill in Easter 1525 and claimed to see visions of the Virgin Mary, who told her she would be cured, and she recovered before the image of the virgin at court-at-street, whilst a large crowd watched. Her fame soon spread and the image became the focus of pilgramige. Case investigated by a comission appointed by Archbishop Warham and headed by Dr Edward Bocking. They were impressed and she was sent to a nunnery in Canterbury and Bocking became her spiritual advisor. Continued having trances and vision, seeing the image and she gave spiritual comfort to those who visited her.
She then turned to politics.
Unsure if she believed in her visions or was a deliberate fraud. No proof her supporters believed her. More than likely just wanted to save the kingdom from disaster, and her supporters encouraged her convinient cautions.
Who supported/admired Elizabeth Barton and what did they do
Her admirers- especially a coterie of Canterbury monks, friars and laymen- spread her warnings more widely.
What did Elizabeth Barton speak out vs
King’s marriage
Also spoke out vs heresy, demanding the punishment of heretics and the burning of Tyndale’s New Testament (written in English)
How was Elizabeth Barton dealt with
Books of her prophies alerted Cromwell and were siezed, Barton was taken for examination by Cranmer. In September her accomplices were arrested and interogated and now knowing the vigour of their propogand, he had to ruin their reputation. He staged a public humiliation on 23 Nov 1533 at St Paul’s cross, at which Barton confessed fraud and a sermon was preached vs her. She and her main publicists were executed for treason in April 1534
When Henry VIII passed through Canterbury during his attempt to make Anne B his queen what did Liz Barton tell him. What effect did this have
He must change his wicked ways, as he was not worthy before God to tread on hallowed ground. Told him he should destroy the ‘new learning’, protect the authority of the Pope, and give up Anne, or face God’s vengance. The threats had no effect. Her friends spread a story that an angel had siezed the host from Henry at mass and given it to her, God had withdrawn his favour from the King, and shown it to the ‘holy maid’. Bocking and his allies told such tales to Princess MAry, Bishop Fisher, Lord and Lady Hussey and many more, including a number of monks, friars and London merchants. Thomas More was subjected to a barrage of persuasions, from Dr Risby of the Canterbury observation at Xmas 1532. This widespread message and become a threat to Henry’s divorce, even more so by spring 1533 when she was a more potent threat to the public acceptance of Anne as queen. Bocking collected a collection of her prophesies and by mid- July 700 copies ready for distribution. Barton had to be dealt with.
When was Barton and her main Publicisists executed and why wasit so vital
April 1534 for treason. So vital as her work had ‘nun of Kent’ had such influence reputation.
What opposition was there amongst nobles
The reports of Chapuys, the ambassador, suggests there was a generalhostility amongst nobles towards divorce and the BwR and a hope that Charles V would cruisade vs Henry (restoring true Catholicism and Papal influence in England). Northern nobles were determined to remedy the ills of the kingdom: Lord Darcy claimed there were 600 peers and gentlemen in north opposed to royal policy. Lord Bray thought 20 lords and 100 knights would fight to defend COA and Catholicism. Darcy and Hussey enlarged their political significance by claiming to represent a powerful alliance and tried to encourage imperial invasion by guaranteeing noble support. Bray and others looked to Charles V for decisive leadership, he was busy elsewhere. Nobles were divided by local rivaleries and family disputes, and were intimidated by Cromwell and the King. 1536 rebellion POG was disorganized and regional. and most of ‘opposition’ peers turned out loyally to serve in the royal army.
In 1534 and 35 a substatial section of nobility disliked official policy, and disliked it enough to talk treason to a foreign ambassador. Genuine outrage vs Henry’s treatment of COA, emperor and Pope and feared he was flirting w/ heresy.
How did the clergy oppose Henry
Preaching vs a heretic king. Called people to serve, in rebellion, under a banner of the crucifix. Fear of thi rebellion led Cromwell to strike vs priests who were preaching up Eliz Barton, especailly sinc thier campaign coincided w/ papal threat to excommunicate King. Priests alos joined, Dr Nicholas Wilson and Dr Edward Powell toured north 1532-33, preaching in defence of COA and Rome and attacking heresy. Claim that opposing Pope was hersy. Easter 1534- the warden of Southampton observants called denials of papal authority ‘grevious errors’, and read from a book in support of papal priamcy.
Prior of Camberidge Domincans preached vs king’s grace’s great cause and defended authority of bishops of Rome.Easter 1535 a Francisan at Herne defended Pilgrimages, and failed to pray for Supreme Head. At Norwich in April the Dominican prior declared king should be head of church only in ‘temporalities, and protector and fefender the same’.
August 1535- Cranmer preached at Canterbury vs papl power and Dominican Prior replied Church could not eer and its laws were the laws of God. October- sub-prior of Lewes in trouble for treasonous preaching.
How was opposition from Carthusians dealt with
3 of their priors were executed in May 1535, and 3 monks in Jume 1535; 2 more were hanged at York in 1537. Another 10 were left to die of starvation in Newgate. Richard Reynolds was executed with Cathusian priors and the leading dissenter Richard Whitford, best-selling author of 1530.
How was clergy opposition dealt with
Secular clergy asked to sign acknowledgement that Pope/bihop of Rome had no authority in Wngland.
Regulars had to swear tompray for Henry as Supreme Head and Anne as queen, not for Pope.
Royal commisioners had great difficulty in putting the comprehensive oath to the Observants, and in Aug 1534 the Observant houses were closed down; some of friars were sent to the tower, others put intop custody w/ Franciscans, and rest fled country.
How was rejection of the Pope opposed
1533 Vicar of Rye claimed Pope would place realm under an interdict and harvest would fail.
Widespread refutance to wipe Pope’s name from service books, as Cromwell had ordered in April 1535. Reports of disobediance innStoke Dry in Rutland, st Paul’s cray in Kent and many more, icluding Wales and Yorkshire.
Many priests unwilling to deface Pope’s name.
Abbot of Woburn kept copies of papal bulls for when they may be needed again, and stopped erasure from books.
Vicar of Santon placed paper over pope and papla names rather than destroying/erasing them.
Common view that BwR was temporary.
Not supression of papacy, but of monastries that brought violent conflict
