Henry Viii foreign policy Flashcards
What happend on 22nd April 1509
Henry viii,s accession to the throne
1510-Treaty of Etaples
3 points
Renewed with France.
Work of his farther’s councillors.
Henry sent Archbishop of York (Christopher Bainbridge) to persuade Pope Julius 11 to enter an alliance vs France.(previously)
Successes of Treaty of Etaples 1510-2
Built an alliance with France therefore preventing a costly war or invasion.
Trying to follow in footsteps of his idol, Henry V who had conquered half of France.
Failures of Treaty of Etaples 1510-3
Henry lacked true authority (councillors had control and authority).
Being controlled by his farther’s councillors made him appear weak
Went against his word of waging war against France.
What happend in 1511
Henry made a deal with Spain to attack France and joined the Holy League vs France (alongside the Pope, the Venitians, the Swiss and Ferdinand of Aragon).
His farther had never been able to do this, showing the change in acceptance and the difrences in the rule of himself and his farther.
When was the first invasion of France
1512- Henry sent a substantial army of 10,000 Englishmen on an expidition to France under the Marquis of Dorset.
Ferdinand of Aragon had persuaded Henry to do so and Ferdinad used it as a diversionary tactic to conquer Navarre on the French-Spanish boarder.
Faiulure as Henry was manipulated easily by Ferdinand and achieved nothing.
When was the Second invasion of French
16th August 1513
Events of the Second French Invasion-The Battle of Spurs
Events, impact of Wolsey,outcome
Henry personally lead an army of 25,000 men into Northern France.
His armies siezed control of the French towns Tournai and Therouanne. (not a great victory as unimpresive towns,little gain,’ungracious doghole).
Wolsey provided the army for the seige of Therouanne and was congratulated by the Pope for his efforts. His cavalry chased afer a detatchment of French cavalry, who dug in their spurs to escape defeat.
Outcome- Henry’s men captured notable prisoners, eventhough Henry was absent during the Battle of Spurs.
Henry b elieved he had won glory in this campaign, but it was actualy Maximillian who gained strategically from their capture.
The Battle of Flodden-When,why and what
9th September 1513- Arose because James IV crossed the boarder with an army of 30,000-40,000(estimated). Henry responded with an English army of 26,000 men, led by the veteran soldier Earl of Surrey.
James was killed (huge victory), along with much of the Scotish nobility, leaving the Scotish throne in the hands of the infant James V.
Henry was in France and his regent Catherine of Aragon organised the English armies to defeat the Scots. ( good propoganda victory as Henry viii claimed it as his victory.)
Henry lacked control, but his ruthlessness and military power was shown in his killing of James IV.
Who married in 1514
Princess Mary Tudor and Louis XII King of France.
Who died in 1515 and who succeeded them
1515- Death of Louis XII, succeeded by Francis 1. FVance
What is the ‘auld alliance’
The traditional alliance between Scotland and France
The ‘auld alliance’ by 1514 (2 points)
- Remained strong
2. When England was on good terms with France there tended to be few Anglo-Scotish issues and vice versa.
Henry’s foreign policy by 1514
Henry had ran out of money to continue a war-like foreign policy by the end of 1514.This had 2 consequences:
- Unable to exploit weakness of Sciots after bdeath of James IV
- Sought peace with France (marriage alliance between Louis XII and Mary, howev this was short lived).
Wod died in 1516 and who succeeded them
Ferdiand of Aragon died in 1516 and was succeeded by Charles I ( Later becameCharles V of HRE)
When was the Treaty of London signed and what were the terms
October 1518 and it was an international peace treaty signed by Spain, France, Eng, HRE, Pope and many more. Did not include Popes idea for a campaign vs Ottomans(Turkish Empire). Put Wolsey and Henry VIII at the centre of European peace. Did not last very long.
Where did Wolsey get the idea for the Treat of London
Wolsey hyjacked Pope Leo X’s idea for a campaign againts the Ottomans (Turkish Empire) and brilliantly turned it into an international peace treaty signed by France, Spain, England, The Pope, HRE Maximillian and over 20 minor powers.
What did the position of Papal Legate give Wolsey
Papal Lagate gave Wolsey control over the church in england. He was appointed by the Pope as his personal repersentitive in England. This meant was Wolsey was at the heighjt of his power in October 1518, when the Trearty of LOndon was signed.
What did Charles V appointment as HRE cause
After his appointment as HRE in 1519, tension arose between France and Spain and more specifically Charles V and his election opponent Francis I.
This broke down peace treatiesd between the 2 e.g. Treaty of London (Oct 1518).
Charles was now the ruler of Spain, the HRE and the Netherlands.
When was the Field of Cloth of Gold
June 1520
The Field of Cloth of Gold
- Henry met Francis I at the Field of Cloth of Gold, close to Calais, to build upon their friendship.
- Henry wanted to secure Francis I as his ally.
- This magnificent meeting lasted two weeks and involved jousting and the construction of dazzling tents.
- Wolsey was the mastermind and organized for 6,000 people to travel with and serve the King.
How much did the field of Cloth of Gold cost.
1 years revenue.
What was the outcome of the field of Cloth of Gold
Nothing was decided at this meeting and France and England were at war again less than 2 years later.
Henry was pleased with the honour and glory that he felt the event had brought him.
The Hasburg-Valos War(HRE vs France) / Italian wars
1494-1559
- Fighting broke out in April 1521 when Francis 1 declared war on Charles V when he invaded Luxembourg.
- The two met in Calais in August 1521 in which Wolsey was supposed to broker a peace deal between the representatives of the two.
- Henry lacked power to be a referee or arbiter (person who settles disputes) in the Hasburg-Valois War.
- Henry decided to ally with Charles V and they signed the Treaty of Bruges in which Henry agreed to declare war on Francis I if he refused to make peace.
- This treaty was to be kept secret until November as by then Henry would have received the next instalment of his French pension.
- Charles V was to compensate Henry for his lost French pension and Charles became engaged to Mary, Henry’s youngest daughter.
The First French War
First French war had begun in 1512.
Ferdinand captured Navarre.
War cost £892,000 draining the crown’s finace.
Tournai and Therouanne captured.
When was The Second French War
1522-1525
War was declared against France in May 1522.
Charles supplied no support for Henry VIII or English troops as he focused on Italy (Battle of La Biocca).
English troops were making ineffective raids into Piccary.
Bourbon failed to raise support for an attack on Paris and Charles’ attacks from Spain and Netherlands never came (abandoned Henry)
The Duke of Paris marched to Paris with 11,000 men in 1523.
Francis I captured by Charles V in the Battle of Pavia in 1525.
Came out of War with nothing to show for it.
Battle of Pavia
24th February 1525
10,000 French soldiers were killed and Francis I himself was trapped under his horese and captured by Charles V by imperial forces in Northern Italy.
Henry tried to capitalise on the crushing defeats of the French by suggesting to Charles that they launch a joint invasion in Northern France in order to gain territory. Charles refused to partition France.
The Treaty of More
30th August 1525
Signed between Henry VIII and the interim French gov(whilst Francis 1 still held prisoner).
Wolsey negotiated that Henry would give up territorial claims in France in return for a French pension of £20,000 a year. (financial success).
France settled what was owed to Henry’s sister, Mary, dowager queen of France(widow of King Louis XII).
England also agreed to secure the relaease of Francis 1 from Charles V.
England had previously been troubled by the ‘auld alliance’ and France agreed NOT to allow the Duke of Albany(regent of Scotland) to return to Scotland (success as reduced threat from Scotish and French alliance).
What 2 events happend in 1527
- Henry decided he wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon.
- In May 1527 Charles V sacked Rome and took Pope Clement II prisoner, leaving the Catholic Church in his hands. This meant there was now little possibility of persuading the Pope to grant Henry an annulment as Charles V and Catherine of Aragon were related.
What is the relation between Charles V and Catherine of Aragon
Catherine was Charles’s aunt.
Charles was Catherine’s nephew.
What was the Schmalkaldic League
It was created in 1531 and was a group of Protestant nations, who practiced Lutheranism
Why did Henry seak an alliance with the Schmalkaldic League after 1527
After Henry’s decision to break away from the Catholic Church and divorce Catherine of Aragon, he needed allies vs Catholic Spain and France, therefore he was looking for Protestant allies.
When did Wolsey die
29 November 1530
Who took over as Henry’s minister after Wolsey
Cronwell
Were Henry and Cronwell able to ally with the Schmalkaldic League
Cronwell made attempts to ally with the league but nothing was achieved with regard to an alliance vs Spain and France.
What happend in 1532
Francis 1 and Henry met at Calais where Henry tried to shore up his position by forming a fragile alliance with France. France was alrwady in a weak position so could only put little pressure on Spain.
Relations with Ireland
Difficult to rule with Earl of Kildare, impossible without him, dismissed in 1534, leading to a major rebellion, led by Thomas Fitzgerald(Earl of Ossory) which was only supressed with dificulty and at considerable expense.
1534 attempts to refashion Irish gov and bring it under English control failed. Therefore, Ireland was a significant drain on the Crown’s finance.
When was the Earl of Kildare dismissed
1534
