Henry Vii foreign Policy Flashcards
Where was Henry in exile and who did he owe gratitude to
Henry vii was in France during his exile with Bishop Richar Fox (who Henry made keeper of the privy seal) and he owed gratitude to Francis, who had sheltered him during his exile.
When was the Treaty of Redon signed and who was it signed by
February 1489 between England and Brittany ( in particular Anne of Burgundy).
Terms of the Treaty of Redon (3 points)
- Henry agreed to send 6000 troops to help Anne defend Brittany.
- In return, Anne agreed to pay for the English troops and pledged not to marry or form alliances without Henry’s consent.
- Henry sent over 3000 troops ( less than agreed showing he feared antagonising France, as seen when he sent a letter of apology to France).
When was the Treaty of Dordrecht signed and who was it signed by
Signed in Feb 1489 with Maximillian (HRE)
Terms of the Treaty of Dordrecht
- Henry agreed to send 3000 troops to help Maximillian’s army who were under seige from Flemish and Trench forces.
- Maximillian did not hold up to his end of the dealmad did not send troops to help Henry in Brittany.
- Instead Maximillian made peace with France.
When was the Treaty of Medina Del Campo signed and who was it signed by
March 1489, Henry and Spain joined forces
Terms of the Treaty of Medina Del Campo
- Spain and England agree to go to war vs France.
- Marriage between Catherine of Aragon and Arthur Tudor agrred (takes place in 1501, Athur dies in 1502).
- Treat becomes less favourable after death of Isabella of Castille in November 1504 and Ferdinand of Aragon lost major part of Spain, Castille.
How much money did Henry raise for his war vs France
£181,500 from parliamentary tax adn benevolences (forced loans). War with France could leave him open to Yorkist threats e.g. Perkin Warbeck.
When was the Treaty of Etaples signed and who was it signed by
September 1492 after planning a short winter camaign vs France( who were at war with Italy)
How many people died in the Battle at Bolougne during the short winter campaign
12 people
Terms of the Treaty of Etaples
- £159,000 French pension paid to Henry as compensation.
- In return, England removed its tropps from French soil, except Calais.
- Henry returned home portraying himself as a hero.
- Brittany had been lost, but Ftrance was now closed to Yorkist and this was a more tangable benefit to Henry.
When did Isabella of Castille die
Novemeber 1504
What happend to Isabella of Castilles land when she died
Ferdinand of Aragon lost Castille to his eldest daughter Joanna, who was married to Phillip of Burgundy ( in an area of the HRE).
Which country did the English cloth trade depend upon
Burgundy
When was the Intercursus Magnus signed and who was it signed by
February 1496 after Phillip of Burgundy washed up on the English coastline unexpectidly.
Terms of Magnus Intercursus
- Used washing up of Phillip of Burgundy to get more favourable trading terms.
- Forced Phillip to give up Edmund De La Pole, the Earl of Suffolk.
- Allowed English merchants to trade in any port of Phillip of Burgundy’s land , apart from Flanders.
- Merchants given fast, fair justice and effective arrangments put in place to settle disputes.
- Confirmed by Phillip in 1499.
- Basis for trading from then on.
When was the League of Cambrai and how was part of it.
What was its purpose.
Set up in 1506. Henry was excluded from the Holy League. Involved France, Spain and the HRE. Aimed to attack Venice. By 1506 Henry's health was failing and he no longer sough for glory from his foreign policy.
When was the Truce of Ayton signed and who was it signed by
September 1497 with Scotland. It brought a close to the conflict.
When was the Treaty of Perpeptual Peace signed and who was it signed by. How did it help improve anglo-scotish relations.
Signed in 1502, further improved relations with the marriage alliance of James IV and Margrate Tudor, Henry’s daughter, which took place in 1503.
However, the treaty was less successful than the name suggests as boarder raids continued and Franco- Scottish allainces grew stronger ( France and Scotland were traditional allies where as English and Scotland were traditional enemies).
Navigation Acts when and why
1485 and 1489
To ecourage trade of English merchants using English ships. Certain products could only be exported via English ships. However, its success was limited as by 1509 only half of the English ex;ports were carried out on English ships.
Problems with Medina Del Campo
Arthur dies 1 year after marriage to Catherine of Aragon. Dies in 1502. Became less appealing of an alliance after issabellas death and Ferdinands loss of Castille to his eldest daughter Joanna in 1504.
Poyning’s Law when and what
Introduced in 1495. Allowed Henry to control Irish nobles, as they can’t pass laws in Ireland without the King’s approval.
Treaty of Blois when and what
Signed in 1505, made peace between Ferdinand and Louis xii of France. Ferdinad marries Louis xii’s neice, Germaine of Foix
Treaty of Windsor when and what
Passed in 1506.
Between England and Burgundy, which led to the Intercursus Malus of 1506 (which was agreed but never passed).
Earl of Suffolk returned to England (removing a Yorkist threat).
Proposed the marriage alliance of Henry VII and Phillip’s sister, Archduchess Margaret. Joanna and Phillip are rulers of Castille and parts of Burgungy/land in HRE.
Phillip died soon after leaving Henry VII isloated.
When was the Intercursus Malus signed and who by
1506 by Phillip of Burgundy
Why was the Intercursus Malus never fully ratified and what happens due to this
Failed to the weakness of Phillip Duke of Burgundy and never became fully operative. As a result of this trading relationships had been restored in the basis of the Intercursus Magnus by the next year
Henry’s main foreign policy aims
- Remain financially solvent/ increase crown finanace
- Establish/develop trade and defend Englsih trade interests
- Defend England’s interests
- Secure the Tudor dynasty vs Yorkist threats
- Defending England/establishing control
- Maintain goof relations w/ foreign powers by forming alliances
- Gain international recognition of Tudor Dynasty
Factors for a success of Henry VII’s foreign policy question
Trade Securing Tudor dynasty Removing Yorkist threats Alliances with European powers Increasing crown finance General defence against invasion
Warbeck’s influence on Scotland
1495-Warbeck welcomed into Scotish court
1496-encouraged by James IV to attack England
James Iv proposed a marriage alliance between Warbeck and Lady Catherine Gordon, James’s cousin. They married in Jan 1496.
Treaty of Ayton terms and date
- Brought peace between England and Scotland.
- Ended conflict and stopped support of Perkin Warbeck.
- Signed in September 1497
In which year did Henry join Holy League
1496 after being pressured by Ferdinand into joining, but he refused to declare war on France.
Treaty of Dordrecht terms and date
Signed on the 14th February 1489 between HRE Maximillian and Henry, who both agreed to help the Bretons.
Henry agreed to send 3000 troops to help Maximillian’s army who were under seige from Flemish and Trench forces.
2. Maximillian did not hold up to his end of the dealmad did not send troops to help Henry in Brittany.
3.Instead Maximillian made peace with France.
What League was Henry left out of
The Hanseatic League (created in 1358).
Intercursus Magnus year and terms
1496- Trade treaty allowing English merchants to export to any ports of the land of Phillip of Burgundy, apart from Flanders. Merchants given swift and fair justice and an effective arrangment maded to settle
Navigation Acts what were they and when were they signed.
1485 and 1489
Aimed to encourage England shipping as certain exports could only be exported on English ships.
When was Poyning’s Law passed and what did it do
Passed in 1495, by Henry to control the Irish nobility, as they could no longer pass any laws in Ireland without the authority of the English King.
Which important figure died in 1506
Phillip of Burgundy died in 1506.
How much was paid by Sir James Tyrell for the reversal of an attiander
Paid £1,738
In which years were laws passed making retaining illegal and what were each of the acts
1485 and 1504
1485-Parliament,Lords and Commons had to swear that they wouldn’t retain.
1504-Introduced a liscence vs retaining. Nobles needed this special liscence to retain men. If they did not have this liscence they would have to pay the king £5/month/man illegally retained.
What method was used by nobles to get around the acts vs retaining
Nobles covered up records or wages paid to servants, therefore nobody knew how many men were being retained.
An example of a fine vs retaining
Lord Burgavenny fined £70,000 in 1507 for the illegal retaining of 471 men. This sum would bankrupt him, so Henry generously allowed him to repay a bond of £5,000 over 10 years. He would not be allowed to set foot on his land until it had been repayed).
When did James III die and how had English relations been with Scotland during his reign. Who succeeded him
James III dies in 1488, and had peaceful relations up until his death. Succeeded by James IV
What did Warbeck do in 1496
Invasion of England, in the name of Warbeck, by a small scottish armed force
Which event left Henry VII open to threat from Scotland
1497 Cornish rebellion meant Henry had to redirect forces from a possible invasion of Scotland, in order to defend England and crush the Cornish threat/uprising. Led to 1497 Treaty of Ayton.
Treaty of Perpetual Peace date and terms
Signed at Richmond Palace on the 24th January 1502.
- Peace agreement between England and Scotland, signed by Henry and James IV.
- Marriage alliance agreed between Jmaes IV and Henry daughter, Mary Tudor.
- Peace had already been establised between England and Scotland with the 1497 Treaty of Ayton.
- Used to prevent cross-boarder conflicts from escalating to war.
How was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace ratified
Ratified by James IV’s giving an oath to keep to the terms of the treaty at the right hand of the high altar of Glasgow Cathedral on 10 December 1502.
Consequences of the Treaty of Perpetual Peace (Can be used in a Henry VII and a Henry VIII essay).
Treaty was broken in 1513 when James declared war on England, in support of France, who had been attacking the English at the time. James acting under an older mutual peace treaty with France. Pope Leo X excommunicated James IV and the English Cardinal Bainbridge for breaking his sworn treaty with England. Led to a subsequent invasion of England by the Scots, in which James IV was killed at the Battle of Flodden in Northumberland on the 9th September 1513
When and how did James IV die
Died in the Battle of Flodden on the 9th of September 1513, at the hands of the English army.
Describe relations with Brittany and France in 1487
1487- French invaded the Dutchy of Brittany (last independent area within France), due to the death of Duke Francis II of Brittany without a male heir.
Describe relations with Brittany and France in 1492
Intelligence suggested Charles VIII (king of France) more interested in invading Italy than fighting English.
Henry raised 2 parliamentary subsidies and invaded France with 26,000 men, in defence of Brittany. The French rapidly sought peace.
Nov 1492- Treaty of Etaples; Charles agreed he would no longer assist any pretenders to the English throne e.g Warbeck. Henry also recieved a pension of £50,000 crowns/year (total of 745,000 crowns). This was around 5% of his annual income, in return for peace.
Which ports were important for English cloth trade and what happend with regard to these ports
Ports of Netherlands were vital for English trade, especially cloth trade. However, Margaret of Burgundy had been under control since 1477 and ruled as its protector until role passed to HRE Maximillian in 1493, who placed his son Phillip in control of this area from 1493. Margaret, Maximillian and Phillip supported contenders e.g Simnel and Warbeck, leading to a trading embargo in 1493, to secure his dynasty and help protect himslef vs Yorkist pretenders.
When was the trading embargo enforced between Burgundy and England. Which act ended this gtrade embargo
Trade embargo enforced from 1493-1496, until the Magnus Intercursus of 1496 ended the tarding embargo and saw Margaret of Burgundy recognise Henry as king of England.
|n which year did Margaret of Burgundy die
1503
What event in 1506 allowed Henry to negotaite 2 treaties and which treaties were they
Phillip of Burgundy and his wife Joana, daughter of deceased Isabella of Castile, blown into English coast and are entertained by Henry for 3 months, during this time he was able to negotiate the Treaty of Windor, recognising Phillip’s claim to Castile, and promising to assist one another vs rebels.
Also agreed trade treaty- Intercursus Malus (evil intercourse). Overgenerous to Eng and never fully enforced as Phillip died in Sept 1506 and is successor Magaret didn’t approve as it favoured England over Flanders.
Further agreements made:
Phillip handed over Yorkist Earl of Suffolk to Henry as he had been sheltering in Burgundy.
Marraige arranged between Henry (widowed in 1503) and Phillip’s sister Margaret, Dowager Dutchess of Savoy in 1506 GTreaty of Windsor. This marriage never occured.
What did the trade treaty of 1507 do
Reverted trade terms back to the terms of the Intercursus Magnus of 1496.
Why was Henry left isolated in 1508
He was not a signatory to the League of Cambrai, which was formed by HRE, Spain, France and the Papacy.
In which year did Arthur marry COA
1501, Arthur died in 1502 so not long lasting.
What was planned between Spain and Eng in 1503
Following Arthur’s death in 1502 Henry (anxiois to retain Catherine’s dowry) proposed a new marriage between COA and Arthur’s younger brother, Henry. This proposal was accepted and in 1503 a treat was signed and the marriage was planned for 1506, Henry’s 15th bday. Did not take place until 1509, after becomung less favourable due to death of Isabella of Castile, causing Ferdinad to lose land and power to daughter Juana.
Which country boardered England and wbho did they often support
Scotland
Often allied with France vs England
Descrbe Anglo-Scottish relations between 1485-95 in 1 word
Tense
Which treaty reinforced the Truce of Ayton, making it a full peace treaty.
1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace
How was the 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace sealed
The marriage of James IV and Henry’s daughter Margaret in 1503.
Which part of Ireland was ruled by Henry VII
The ‘Pale’ the land around Dublin. The rest of Ireland was ruled by independent chieftains.
Who did Henry replace the Earl of Kildare with and what role did this replacement play.
Henry replaced the threatening Yorkist sympathiser (crowned Simnel king in 1486 and supported Warbeck in 1491), Kildare with Sir Edward Poyning who passed ‘Poyning’s law’ of 1495, declaring that the Irish parliament needed approval of English monarchy before it could pass laws. Poynings also tried to subdue the Irish by force. However, Kildare was persuaded to abandon the Yorkist cause and was restrained in 1495. thereafter, he served Henry loyally and secured the submission of various Irish chieftenants. By 1500, Henry had established a reasonable level of control in Ireland
Nmae Henry’s 4 children who survived childhood
Arthur, Henry, Margaret and Mary.
Which event increased the insecurity of the crown
The unexpected death of Arthur in April 1502. Increased insecurity as new heir, Henry, was still a child and Henry VII’s health was deterioating. Furthermore, the Yorkists had a powerful claimant in the earl of Suffolk. After death of Liz of York in 1503, despite Suffolks imprisonment in 1506, the succession remained insecure as it was relaint upon the survival and acceptance by ministers of prince Henry.
When did Henry’s wife Elizabeth of York die
1503
When did Henry VII die and what happend upon his death
April 1509
Upon his death one faction, led by Bishop Fox and supported by Lady Margaret Beaufort, declared for Henry. Empson and Dudley (widely hated) were arrested and executed.
See essay plans sheet for examples split into factors and memeorise if possible
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