Henry VII consolidation of power

Question 1

When did the Wars of the Roses end

Answer 1

The Battle of Bosworth on 22nd August 1485.

Question 2

How many times did the crown violently change hands during TWOTR

Answer 2

5 times.

Question 3

Who wore the white rose

Answer 3

Lancastrians

Question 4

Who wore the Red Rose

Answer 4

Yorkists

Question 5

Who did Henry VII defeat in the Battle of Bosworth to take the throne and what was he described as

Answer 5

He defeated Richard III, the Yorkist King of Eng in battle and was seen as a usurper.

Question 6

Names of 2 Princes in the tower

Answer 6

Edward V

Richard Duke of York

Question 7

Problems facing Henry immediately after Bosworth (9 problems)

Answer 7

1. Had to reward his loyal supporters who had fought on his side at Bosworth.
2. Not yet been recognised as KIng by the Pope.
3. Not seen as King by parliament yet
4. Had to punish enemies
5. Seen as a Usurper by many
6. Still Yorkist claimants with a claim to the throne (his claim was weak, from his relation to John of Gaunt), e.g. Edward Earl of Warwick and Earl of Lincoln.
7. Had no heir to the throne
8. Had not officially been crowned as king yet.
9. Had not yet married Elizabeth of York, therefore York was still his enemy.

Question 8

How did Henry reward his supporter (3 methods)

Answer 8

1. 1486 Act of Resumption allowed him to regain all of the Crowns land lost since 1455, giving him land and wealth to reward his loyal supporters and increase his power.
2. Acts of Attainders used to convict nobles of crimes and regain land to give to supporters. (138 in whole reign, 46 reversed)
3. Rewarded loyal supporters with Knighthoods and important positions, giving them power and land. Granted 11 knighthoods.

Question 9

How did Henry punish his enemies

Answer 9

1. Dated his reign to day before the Battle of Bosworth, 21st August 1485 so he could punish his enemies harshly e.g imprison or execute for treason.
2. Acts of Attainder

Question 10

How could he become recognised as rightful King

Answer 10

1. Corronated on the 30th October 1485
2. Called parliament for the first time on the 7th November 1485, could only meet when called by King givinng him ultimate authority.
3. Prevent uprising e.g Simnel rebellion 1486-87.
4. Get backing of the governement and the Pope and Henry applied to the Pope for a Papal Dispensation to marry Elizabeth, which was agreed.

Question 11

When was Arthur born and what problem did this solve

Answer 11

Arthur was born in 1486, giving Henry a male heir, securing the dynasty. However, many children died very young and another heir would be needed to fully secure the monarchy.

Question 12

How did Henry get papal support before Bosworth and what did this pave way for

Answer 12

Henry had Archbishop Morton visit Rome to secure papal support before Bosworth. This paved the way for a papal dispensation (permission) to marry Elizabeth of York

Question 13

When did Henry marry Elizabeth of York and what effect did this have

Answer 13

18 January 1486.

This marriage united the 2 fighting households of TWOTR, removing some Yorkist threats.

Question 14

How did Henry use propoganda to glorify his new reign

Answer 14

Toured his new kingdom in March 1486 to be viable to his subjects and glorify his reign.

Question 15

Punishment of enemies from Bosworth

Answer 15

Too harsh= turn nobility against him.

Too lenient= seem too weak.

Question 16

What was lucky for Henry in terms of temporal lords

Answer 16

Only 1/4 of temporal lords had fought vs Henry at Bosworth and many of those died in battle (less people to punish).

Question 17

How much did the gold cloth for Henrys coronation cost

Answer 17

£8 per yard

Question 18

How much was the purple velvet for the Kings corrontion robes

Answer 18

40 shillings per yard.

Question 19

Why did Henry wait until Jan 1486 before marrying Elizabeth of York

Answer 19

Wanted to prove himself as King first and ensure that he was not seen as reliant upon Liz for his claim to the throne. She was not officially corronated for longer to seperate his claim to the throne form hers

Question 20

When was Elizabeth of York corronated as Queen of England

Answer 20

November 25, 1487, more than 2 years after Henry VII.

Question 21

How was Henrys uncle, Jasper Tudor, rewarded for his loyalty

Answer 21

Made Duke of Bedford (elevated peerage) and gained land with this title. He was also made Chief Justice of Wales, Constable of all Royal castles in Wales and Lord lieutenant of Ireland.

Question 22

How was Sir William Stanley Rewarded afte rhe sided with Henry at last minute of BOB

Answer 22

Made Lord Chamberlain- a powerful position in Henry’s court.

Question 23

How did Henry deal with threat of of 10 year old Earl of Warwick (nephew of Richard III)

Answer 23

Blood claim therefore major threat.

Henry had him sent to Tower of London but he was allowed to live in relative comfort.

Question 24

What was the result of predating his reign

Answer 24

Could legally confiscate lands and property of Richard III and his supporters thus increasing his own income and security.

Question 25

What was John De la Pole allowed to do

Answer 25

Another one of Richard III’s nephews.
Allowed to swear an oath of loyalty to King and later join his council.
Backfired as later rebelled again.

Question 26

What title was Thomas, Lord Stanley, Henry’s stepfarther given.

Answer 26

Earl of Derby

Question 27

What position was Bishop Fox given

Answer 27

Keeper of the Privy Seal

Question 28

Why did Henry prefer to reward supporters we pearonages and titles rarther than wealth and land

Answer 28

To prevent the formation of over-mighty subjects, who may gain enough power/support to challenge him.

Question 29

Other marriages used by Henry to unify two houses

Answer 29

1.Elizabeths oldest sister Cecily married to Yorkist Ralph Scrope of Upsall at time of BOB. Henry quickly annulled this marriage to ensure no further Yorkist children were born. He insted insisted that Cecily married Viscount Welles, Henry’s half-uncle. Further unifying the two houses

Question 30

Henry VII’s aims

Answer 30

1. Secure the Tudor Dynasty by putting down rebellions and removing opposition.
2. Leave a solvent crown and increase crown finance.
3. Have a male heir to continue the Tudor dynasty
4. Improve government and take a more personal role in gov.
5. Avoid costly wars and conflicts.

Question 31

When was Arthur Tudor, Henry’s male heir born and who was his mother

Answer 31

20 September 1486

Elizabeth of York

Question 32

Outline the dates of the Wars of the Roses

Answer 32

1455-1485

Question 33

Why was Margret of Burgundy a threat to Henry VII’s reign

Answer 33

1. Sister of Richard III and Edward IV and was appauled by the userpation of her brother Richard III.
2. She was able and willing to fund Yorksit ambitions
3. Sheltered Lovell and helped in the Simnel rising and also invited Warbeck into her court.

Question 34

When did Henry VII marry Elizabeth of York and when was she coronated as queen. What did this show

Answer 34

Henry VII and Elizabeth of York married on the 16th Jan 1486. Henry waited before marrying Elizabeth as it allowed to establish his own power and authority and prove that his claim was valid. He waited until the 25th November 1487 before coronating Elizabeth of York, allowing him seperate his claim from that of his wife and prove himself as the sole and rightful King of England.

Question 35

Give 2 examples of Yorkist claimants who threatend Henry’s kingship and thus the Tudor dynasty

Answer 35

1. John de la Pole, Earl of Lincoln
   Nephew of Edward IV and Richard III and the designated successor of Richard III before Henry’s usurpation, causing him to want to get revenge and claim the throne, which he saw as being his rightful possession.
   Regarded as the Yorkist leader after Bosworth (Henry was the Lancastrian leader).
2. Edward, Earl of Warwick
   Nephew of Edward IV and Richard III
   Imprisoned in thw Tower of London in 1485 at the age of 10
   Beheaded in 1499 for alleged conspiracy with Perkin Warbeck.

Question 36

Name 2 Yorksit pretenders to the throne

Answer 36

Lambert Simnel and Perkin Warbeck

Question 37

What methods were used by Henry to consolidate power and give examples of each

Answer 37

1. Rewarded loyal supporters, gave out 11 knighthoods and also gifted land and wealth via 138 Acts of Attainder (46 reversed)
2. Increased crown land and finance, e.g via the 1486 Act of Resumption taking back all grown land lost since 1455.
3. Crush rebellions and remove Yorkist threats, e.g his crushing of the Cornish Rebellion in 1497, where hsi army of 25,000 men (led by Lord Daubeney) defeated 15,000 rebels, led by Joseph Flammock and later Lord Audley, in Blackheath, outside of London, in which around 1000 rebels were killed at the Battle of Blackheath and the leaders were later put to death. Showed Henry’s ruthlessness and willingness to execute opposition.
   Also crushed Yorkshire Rebellion 1489 and Warbeck uprising 1491-1499.
   4.Dated his reign to 21 August 1485, day before the Battle of Bosworth, so could punish those who fought against him as traitors or for treason.
   5.Backed Pope Clement VII, allowing him to be recognised by the papacy as rightful king and also would allow him to be seen as true king by people of England as they were very religious.
   6.Controlled nobles with Acts of Attainders and bonds and recognisences controlled by Council Learned in the Law
4. Coronated on the 30 Oct 1485 with an expensive coronation, presenting his wealth and recognsing him as King of England. Robe cost?
   Didn’t call 1st parliament until 7th Nov 1485, showing he did not rely on parliament for his power.
   8.Formed a strong government, introducing the Council Learned in the Law in 1495 (headed by Empson and Dudley) and used the star Chamber to prove he was willing to enforce the law.
   9.Unified houses of York and Lancaster with his marriage to Elizabeth of York and using the Tudor rose as a propoganda symbol showing the two houses united.

Question 38

Examples of the use of bonds and recognisences after the Battle of Bosworth

Answer 38

Used for both political and financial purposes. The Earl of Westminster had to pay £10,000 after the Battle of Bosworth. It was also an effective way of establishing control. These debts were enforced by the Council Learned in the Law.

Question 39

Which government body was used to enfore bonds and recognisences

Answer 39

The Council Learned in the Law, formed in 1495.

Question 40

What is the significance of the rising of Viscount Lovell and the Staffords

Answer 40

Minor rising, focused on traditional Yorkist heartlands of Yorkshire and the Midlands:
Led by Viscount Lovell (Yorkshire) and Humphrey Stafford, with his brother Thomas (midlands)
Attracted little support and was easily supressed
Lovell was able to escape to Burgundy (sheltered there by Margaret of Burgundy); Humphrey Stafford on the other hand was captured and executed (though Thomas was pardoned)
This led to the Yorkists realising the need for a strong figurehead and for funds. This lead to the Simnel rebellion.

Question 41

Name the Stafford brothers

Answer 41

Humphrey and Thomas

Question 42

How was the Lambert Simnel and the rebellion of the Earl of Lincoln a threat to Henry

Answer 42

Yorkist conspiracy arranged by the Earl of Lincoln.
Simnel impersonated the imprisoned Earl of Warwick, threatening Henry’s authority as the Earl of Warwick was not easily identified, allowing this uprising to gain support and become a large threat.
The fact that Simnel was crowned King Edward of England in Ireland by the Earl of Kildare in the Dublin Cathedral posed a huge threat to Henry as there was another King of England who could be seen as the Yorkist heir to throne (which Warwick was) so he had a stronger claim to the throne that Henry himslef did.
Had a strong figurehead and financial backing from Margaret of Burgundy, who raised 2000 mercenaries to fight under the command of martin Schwartz.

Question 43

How did Henry deal with the Simnel rebellion

Answer 43

Henry exhibited the real Earl of Warwick, who had been held in the tower, disproving Simnel and the Earl of Lincoln, reducing support and discrediting the rebellion.
Henry also neutralised Yorkist supportin the North by reinstating the Earl of Northumberland, a traditional Yorksit supporter, to power in the North as his supporter, ensuring loyalty from the North of England.

Question 44

During which years did the Simnel rebellion occur

Answer 44

1486-87

Question 45

How did Henry end the Simnel rebellion and what did this show about his position as king

Answer 45

Henry’s army defeated the mercenary army of 8,000 men with his personal army of 12,000 men in the Battle of Stoke on the 16th June 1487. The Earl of Lincoln was killed during the Battle of Stoke and Lovell died soon after. The fact that the rebellion caused a large battle proved that Henry was not effective as a negotiator and also proved the severity of the rebellion. However, it also presented Henry’s military might and his large armed force, which was able to defeat rebels effectively.

Question 46

What was the outcome of the Battle of Stoke in June 1487

Answer 46

8,000 rebels vs Henry’ army of 12,000 men
Quick pace of the rebels march made it difficult fot them to gain/attract support, despite the area being loyal to Richard III (Simnel had landed in Lancashire on 4 June 1486 and marched to North Yorkshire).
During battle Earl of Lincoln dies and Lovell died soon afterwards.
Simnel was captured and went on to enjoy a carear as a turnspit in the royal kitchens and then later as the king’s falconer.
Henry remained uneasy and spent the next year recieving oaths of loyalty and punishing offenders
The parlaiment called in 1487 spent more time dealing with Henry’s supporters who thought themselves above the law rarther than his enemies.
Henry was forced to retain Kildare as Lord Deputy of Ireland ,due to him being the most powerful Irish noble, despite his promient involvement in the plot.

Question 47

What was the role of the 1487 parliament

Answer 47

The parlaiment called in 1487 spent more time dealing with Henry’s supporters who thought themselves above the law rarther than his enemies.

Question 48

How did Henry deal with the Earl of Kildare after the Battle of Stoke and the Simnel rebellion 1487

Answer 48

Henry was forced to retain Kildare as Lord Deputy of Ireland ,due to him being the most powerful Irish noble, despite his promient involvement in the plot.

Question 49

Give 3 reasons for Henry’s victory in the Battle of Stoke June 1487

Answer 49

1. His won shrewdness and hard work
2. Organisational skills and military leadership of his key supporters.
3. Willingness of landowners in many parts of the country to support his cause.

Question 50

How was Henry able to use the Simnel rebellion to win over some Yorksists who had previously opposed him

Answer 50

His lenient treatment of the rebels allowd him to win iver manhy Yorkists who had previously opposed him. He also began to develop the policy of using bonds of good behaviour, providing lump sums of money to landowners that they would not have to repay if they behaved well. This ensured loyalty, good behaviour and increased monastical support.

Question 51

From which years was Perkin Warbeck a threat

Answer 51

The Dutchmen (cloth trader from the Flanders) rebelled and was a threat at various points from 1491-1499

Question 52

What did the long time period of Warbeck’s threat/ imposture show about Henry and his kingship

Answer 52

Showed the inability of Henry and his government to remove the threat of the Yorkist pretender, and also the severity of the power of Yorkist pretenders, due to their claims to the throne and their ability to rally support.

Question 53

Who did Warbeck impersonate and why was this significant

Answer 53

Warbeck claimed to be Richard, Duke of York- one of Edward IV’s sons, and one of the two murdered ‘princes in the tower’. The fact that he had been murdered increased Warbeck’s threat as he couldn’t show the real Duke of York and disprove Warbeck’s claim, as he had previously done to deal with Lambert Simne;.

Question 54

In which year did Warbeck flee to Margaret of Burgundy and happend whilst he was in Burgundy

Answer 54

In 1492 Warbeck fled to the court of Margaret of Burgundy, and whilst there he was trained as a Potential Yorkist prince, and began to draw English courtiers into conspiracy.

Question 55

Who did Warbeck ally with in 1495 and what caused this alliance

Answer 55

In 1495 Warbeck allied with James IV after a failed attempt to land in England in 1495.This alliance saw James IV give refuge to Warbeck, alongside an annual pension of £1200. In 1495 Warbeck failed to land at Kent and so fled to Ireland, enlisting the help of the Earl of Desomond, and was subsequently driven out of Ireland by Sir Edward Poynings. So he fled to Scotland and was welcomed by James IV. In 1497 he married James IV’s cousin Lady Catherine Gordon and attemoted to invade Eng with James IV in 1497.

Question 56

What alliance was made between Warbeck and James IV

Answer 56

Warbeck married James IV of Scotland’s cousin Lady Catherine Gordon in 1497. This alliance allowed Warbeck to invade England with James IV, however Henry was able to stop this invasion.

Question 57

Describe Warbeck’s relations with France in 1492

Answer 57

In 1492 Charles VIII perceived Warbeck to be the prince (Richard) and offered him refuge, however in November 1492, Charles signed a treaty against hiding rebels, ending this opportunity for refuge for Warbeck.

Question 58

How did Henry attempt to regain Warbeck in 1493

Answer 58

After Warbeck moved in with Margaret of Burgundy in 1493, Archduke Phillip took over the provenance of Burgundy later that year. Henry protested to get Warbeck back- so he could have him executed. Phillip refused and so Henry enforced a tradin embargo with Burgundy.

Question 59

Which anglo-scottish treaty was signed, putting an end to Warbeck and James IV’s alliance and when was it signed

Answer 59

The 1497 Truce of Ayton, which was later backed up by the 1502 Treaty of Perpetual Peace

Question 60

Who did Warbeck attempt to ally with in 1494

Answer 60

In 1494, the HRE Maximillian welcomed/supported Warbeck, in return Warbeck promised that if he died before becoming king he would make Maximillian the king of England. However, some spies under cover (who were English conspirators vs the gov), including William Stanley, aided Warbeck’s claims.

Question 61

Who was Sir William Stanley and how did Henry deal with him. What did this show about Henry’s position as King

Answer 61

An undercover spy and a consprator vs the gov, who aided Warbeck’s claim. He was executed by Henry in 1495, for treason. Before Warbeck threat he had punished Stanley with an Act of Attainder, due to his pivotal role in the Battle of Bosworth 1485. Stanley was Henry’s step-uncle and was also Lord Chamberlin (the head of the royal household), showing how vulnerable Henry was within his own household. After his AoA and execution his lands were passed to the king.

Question 62

How did Warbeck attempt to use events in Cornwell to benefit his rebellion

Answer 62

After the Truce of Ayton of 1497 ended Warbeck’s alliance with King James IV of Scotland, Warbeck tried to profit from the 1497 Cornish Rebellion by attempting to rally support in Cornwell, where many people had already been rebelling (due to £88,606 tax to fund campaign vs Warbeck and James IV). However he failed to rally a mass of supporters and his forces were crushed by Henry, causing Warbeck to surrendour and subsequently be arrested.

Question 63

When was Perkin Warbeck executed

Answer 63

23rd November 1499

Question 64

How did Henry punsih Warbeck

Answer 64

Arrested in 1497, after surrendouring and was, at first, treat leniently. In 1498 he was transferred to the Tower of London, where he was set to live out a reasonably comfertable life. However, in 1499 he plotted to escape with Edward, Earl of Warwick and Warbeck was subsequently executed on 23 Nov 1499, alongside Warwick.

Question 65

What did Henry use to recieve info and how did it help him to stop Warbeck

Answer 65

Henry set up an effective spy network around Europe, which observed that support for Warbeck was smaller than percieved and was mainly from within England. Sir Robert Clifford acted as an informant for the king during the rebellion and so recieved a full pardon for his rebellious crimes.

Question 66

Describe the rebellion in 1506

Answer 66

Rebellion by the two younger brothers of the earl of Loncoln-Edmund de la Pole (Earl of Suffolk) and Richard de la Pole, the ‘white rose’
Edmund largely lived in exhile from 1498-1506 under the protection of Margaret of Burgundy; returned in 1506 and was imprisoned in Tower of London, after he was given up in the Treaty of Windsor 1506 between Phillip of Burgundy and Henry VII; executed for treason in 1513 by Henry VIII. This eliminated all remaining threats, except the exhiled Richard de la Pole.
Richard de la Pole still at large and not killed until the 1525 Battle of Pavia, in which he fought for France vs the HRE.

Question 67

What title did John de la Pole hold

Answer 67

Earl of Lincoln