The cardiovascular system – Intro

Question 1

components of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

• heart
• blood- atrial/venous
• blood vessels

Question 2

blood vessels

Answer 2

heart > arteries > arterioles (small, branching, increasing resistance) > capillariese (blood & tissue exchange site) > venules > veins

Question 3

functions of cardiovascular system

Answer 3

transport
regulation of CVS
septum

Question 4

transport

Answer 4

brings 02 and nutrients —>cells
brings waste cell—-> kidneys and liver
hormones ,immune cell , clotting proteins —-> specific target cells

Question 5

regulation of CVS

Answer 5

interacts with
nervous system
endocrine system
kidneys

Question 6

septum

Answer 6

prevents mix of blood from either side
Interarterial
interventricular

Question 7

function of cardiac muscle

Answer 7

-Rhythmic contraction & relaxation generates heart pumping action

contraction increases pressure within the chamber and pushes out blood into vasculature

relaxation allows heart to fill with blood

Question 8

cardiac muscle properties

Answer 8

• smaller than skeletal
• sarcomeres striated
• Intercalated disks
• Atria & ventricles
• Aerobic muscle: 99% contractile cells and 1% auto-rhythmic cells

Question 9

AV valves
what is stands for
left
right
features

Answer 9

Auto-ventricular
bicuspid (mitral valve)
tricuspid
Papillary muscles & chordae tendinae keep AV valves from averting

Question 10

ANATOMY:
location
size
weight

Answer 10

• thoracic cavity
• fist
• 250-350g

Question 11

ANATOMY:

chambers

Answer 11

2 atria (receives venous blood)
2 ventricles (pump blood)

Question 12

ANATOMY:

layers …pericardium

Answer 12

membrous sac
lubrication=reduces friction
Pericarditis – inflammation

Question 13

ANATOMY:

layers …myocardium

Answer 13

heart wall
3 LAYERS:
Endocardium (endothelial cells)
Myocardium ( cardiac muscle) 
Epicardium (Ex. Membrane connective tissue)

Question 14

Vasculature:

arteries

Answer 14

pressure reservoir – stretch & recoil
expand=systole
recoil=diastole
low compliance

Question 15

Vasculature:

arterioles

Answer 15

Resistance vessels

Regulate blood pressure

Question 16

vasculature:

continous capillaries

Answer 16

• tight junctions between their endothelial cells along with intercellular clefts
• water soluble molecules (glucose) can pass thru
• large gaps for proteins and blood vessels

Question 17

vasculature:

Fenestrated capillaries

Answer 17

small pores to increase the flow of nutrients, waste and other substances.

In kidneys, bone marrow, liver, intestines

preforated lining

Question 18

vasculature:

Exchange across capillary walls

Answer 18

diffusion - Lipophilic (across membrane) and Lipophobic (pores)

Transcytosis- exchangeable proteins

mediated transport - in brain

Question 19

vasculature :

veins

Answer 19

high compliance

volume reservoirs

Question 20

vasculature :

venules

Answer 20

thin walls

Question 21

Blood flow through CVS:

valves

Answer 21

Semilunar valves
AV valves
Aortic (L)
Pulmonary (R)

Question 22

function of valves

Answer 22

prevent back flow of blood

Open passively – based on pressure gradient

Question 23

Pulmonary <-> Systemic

in series happens

Answer 23

simultaneously

Question 24

Pulmonary <-> Systemic:

Parallel blood flow

Answer 24

• Aorta > arteries > arterioles > capillaries
• Allows independent regulation of blood flow to organs
• Capillaries > venules > veins
• Exception: portal systems (kidneys, GIT, liver)

Question 25

Pathway

Answer 25

L vent > aorta>systemic circuit> vena cava>
R atrium> R vent > pulmonary art > pul. circuit>
pul. veins > L atrium > L ventricle

Question 26

Intercalated discs

Answer 26

connect adjacent cardiac muscle cells.

Question 27

function and location of Tricuspid Valve:
no. of cusps
seperates
opens to allow blood

Answer 27

• 3
• R atrium and R vent
• flow from RA to RV

Question 28

function and location of Mitral Valve
no. of leaflets
seperates
opens to allow blood

Answer 28

• 2
• LA and LV
• flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle.

Question 29

function and location of pulmonary Valve:
no. of leaflets
seperates
opens to allow blood

Answer 29

• 3
• RV from pulmonary art
• to be pumped RV to lungs(thru pulmon art) where it will recieve oxygen

Question 30

function and location of Aortic Valve
no. of leaflets
seperates
opens to allow blood

Answer 30

• 3
• LV and aorta
• to leave the heart from the left ventricle through the aorta and the body.