physiology - blood

Question 1

what percent is our body weight blood

Answer 1

8

Question 2

what is the average volume of blood in:
men
women

Answer 2

5.5

5

Question 3

the three types of specialized cellular elements in blood

Answer 3

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platlets

Question 4

erythrocytes
what are they
function

Answer 4

red blood cells

carry O2 around body

Question 5

leukocytes
what are they
function

Answer 5

white blood cells

immune system mobile defense unit

Question 6

platelets
what are they
function

Answer 6

cell fragments

haemostasis

Question 7

what is haemostasis

Answer 7

prevents blood loss , clots blood therefore maintains blood volume

Question 8

blood percentage
plasma
erythrocytes
buffy coat ( leukocytes and platelets)

Answer 8

55
45
<1

Question 9

Constituent of plasma

Answer 9

water
electrocytes
nutrients, gases, waste, hormones
plasma protein

Question 10

function of water in plasma

Answer 10

transport medium

carry heat

Question 11

electrocytes in plasma
what
function

Answer 11

ions dissolved in blood

–membrane excitability
osmotic distribution between ECF and ICF
ph buffer changes

Question 12

what is ECF and ICF

Answer 12

extracellular fluid …. fluid outside cell

intercellular fluid … inside aka cytosol

Question 13

function of Nutrients, wastes, gases,
hormones in plasma

Answer 13

blood co2 plays role in acid base balance

Question 14

plasma protein percentage of plasma

Answer 14

6-8

Question 15

types of plasma proteins

Answer 15

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

Question 16

albumins function

Answer 16

transport molecules that are poorly soluble in plasma eg bile salts

Question 17

the three subclasses on globulins

Answer 17

α, β and γ

Question 18

functions of. α, β and γ

Answer 18

a/β =

• transport molecules
• help in immune response
• act as antigens and carrier protein

γ = immunity … immunoglobins

Question 19

fibrinogen function

converted to

Answer 19

clotting factor ,

fibrin

Question 20

all plasma proteins are produced by……

except for γ globulins which are produced by….

Answer 20

liver

lymphocytes

Question 21

what is serum

Answer 21

when fibrinogens and other clotting factors have been removed

Question 22

Composition of Blood II: Cells: Erythrocytes
how common
lack
shape
diameter
thickness
life cycle

Answer 22

5 mil per cubic ml 
nucleus ribosomes and mitochondria
biconcave
7µm
2µm
120 days

Question 23

Haemopoiesis

Answer 23

the production of blood cells

Question 24

what is Anemia

Answer 24

below normal O2 carrying capacity of blood

Question 25

Possible causes of anemia

Answer 25

reduced haemoglobin content in rbc --- iron deficiency | reduced rbc number. --- decreased cell production or increase in cell loss

Question 26

types of Anaemia

Answer 26

``` nutritional pernicious aplastic renal Hemorrhagic Hemolytic ```

Question 27

causes of : nutritional anemia pernicious anemia aplastic anemia

Answer 27

cant make sufficient amount of haemoglobin inability to absorb B12 from GIT bone marrow cant produce enough rbc

Question 28

causes of renal anemia Hemorrhagic anemia Hemolytic anemia

Answer 28

- reduced production of rbc due to impaired EPO production from kidney disease - loss of blood - rupture of rbc eg malaria

Question 29

platelets aka function survive

Answer 29

- thrombocytes - release serotonin to vasoconstrict and reduce blood flow to clotted area ,,,,,secrete growth factor to maintain the blood vessel wall - 5-9 days, removed from circulation by tissue macrophages

Question 30

what produces platelet production produced by function

Answer 30

the hormone thrombopoietin liver increases no. of megakaryocytes therefore increases platelet production

Question 31

the opposite of haemostatis is

Answer 31

haemorrage

Question 32

the two major steps in haemostosis

Answer 32

``` formation of platelet plug Blood coagulation (clotting)=transformation of blood from a liquid into solid gel ```

Question 33

Formation of the Platelet Plug

Answer 33

platelets aggregate together on contact w collagen when wall of vessel is damaged platelet release ADH ---> surface of nearby circulating platelet becomes sticky inorder to stick to the first layer of aggregated platelets

Question 34

2.blood clotting

Answer 34

it strengthens platelet plug | turns blood that is close to the vessel injury into a non-flowing gel

Question 35

what is the blood clotting cascade

Answer 35

series of steps that occur during blood clotting that include 12 clotting factors(proteins)

Question 36

Blood clotting cascade: 2 pathways

Answer 36

Extrinsic: shorter and faster | intrinsic :requires more upstream factors

Question 37

Limitation of clotting | -Clot dissolution

Answer 37

- plasmin dissolves clot - plasmin is produced by plasminogen by many clotting factors - WBC removes the products of clot dissolution

Question 38

clot prevention

Answer 38

Tissue plasminogen activator tPA converts plasminogen into plasmin and therefore prevents inappropiate clot formation

Question 39

Abnormal Blood Clotting

Answer 39

thrombus emboli thromboembolism haemophilia

Question 40

what is thrombus emboli

Answer 40

- abnormal intravascular clot attached to vessel wall | - freely floating clots

Question 41

what is thromboembolism | what factor cause it

Answer 41

-blood clot that blocks another blood vessel -,,,,,,imbalances in clotting-anticlotting systems ,,,,,,,slow moving blood -

Question 42

haemophilia

Answer 42

excessive bleeding caused by a deficiency of factor in the blood clotting cascade