physiology -immunity

Question 1

the role of the immune system :

Answer 1

1. defends the body against pathogens
2. removes worn out cells
3. destroys abnormal / mutant cells in body

Question 2

immunes systems harmful effects

Answer 2

1. allergies / autoimmune diseases

2. tissue rejection

Question 3

Infection-causing organisms (Pathogens)

Answer 3

bacteria
fungus
parasite
virus

Question 4

classification of tissues in the immune system

Answer 4

primary (central) lymphoid tissues

secondary ( PERIPHERAL) lymphoid tissues

Question 5

primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 5

bone marrow - site of b cell develpoment

thymus - site of t cell develpoment

Question 6

secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 6

spleen
appendix
lymph nodes
tonsils
adenoids
gut associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) peyers patches

Question 7

neutrophils:
commonness
functions

Answer 7

most abundant leukocyte (60-70%)

destroy bacteria by phagocytosis
first defenders for bacterial invasion
eats up cell debris

Question 8

what is phagocytosis

Answer 8

when phagocytes ingest or engulf cells / particles

Question 9

eosinophils
how do they increase
function
commonness

Answer 9

allergic conditions eg asthma or hay fever
stop internal parasite infestations eg worms
1-4% of leukocytes

Question 9

monocytes…life span

Answer 9

emerge from bone marrow while immature , circulate for a day or two before settling down in various tissues in body

the mature and enlarge in their tissue and become macrophages

they then become professional phagocytes and act as antigen cells

Question 10

what is a macrophages

Answer 10

means large eaters

life span of several months to years

Question 11

Organisation of the immune system

Answer 11

specific(adaptive) …antibodies

non specific immunity (innate). ….. identifying cells and eating them

Question 12

examples of non specific immunity

Answer 12

phagocytsis , inflammation

Question 13

what is innate immune response

Answer 13

initial and immediate response against invasion of any pathogens

Question 14

main mechanism of innate immune response

Answer 14

1. physical barrier (skin,mucous membrane )
2. inflammation and phagocytosis
3. interferon , natural killer cells
4. complement

Question 15

Specific (Adaptive)
examples
when does it happen
response

Answer 15

lymphocytes
after nonspecific responses happen
specific pathogens on 2nd or later exposure

Question 16

The goals of the inflammatory response are to:

Answer 16

prevent initial infection or remove any damaged tissue

prevent spread of infection or repair any damaged tissue

mobilize effector cells T and B lymphocytes

Question 17

results of Inflammatory Response

Answer 17

destroys or inactivates invaders
.removes debris
prepares for healing and repair

Question 18

signs of Inflammatory Response

Answer 18

redness
heat
swelling
pain

Question 19

stages of Nonspecific— Phagocytosis

Answer 19

attachment
internalisation
degradation
exocytosis

Question 20

what is attachment

Answer 20

the macrophage will recognize invading pathogen and it will attach itself onto it

Question 21

internalisation

Answer 21

macrophages then internalise pathogen , which forms a phagosome ( an structure in the macrophage that the bacteria are contained within) that allows the macrophage to digest the invading bacteria

Question 22

what is interferon

Answer 22

cytokine release by virus infected cells