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Biol 252L > The Brain > Flashcards

The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Neural Tube

A

Walls of the tube forms the brain’s six divisions.
- forms all cells found in the brain and spinal cord, walls become neurons and glial cells, and hollow cavity becomes the central canal and ventricles in the brain

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2
Q

Ventricles

A
  • Chambers traveling down brain’s embryological center to spinal cord
  • Contains CSF and distributes nourishments and protects brain
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3
Q

Choroid Plexuses

A

Specialized blood vessel that makes the CSF

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4
Q

Lateral Ventricles (2)

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • separated by thin membrane called the septum pellucidum
  • interconnected hollow cavities that house CSF
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5
Q

Septum Pellucidum

A

Thin membrane that separates the lateral ventricles

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6
Q

Interventricular Foramen

A

What the 2 lateral ventricles lead into and it opens to the third ventricle

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7
Q

Third Ventricle

A
  • deep in the diencephalon
    -narrows inferiorly to form the cerebral aqueduct
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8
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

Travels through the midbrain and connects with the fourth ventricle

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9
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A
  • found between the pons and cerebellum
  • large, diamond-shaped expansion
  • as it narrows inferiorly, it joins the central canal of the medulla and spinal cord
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10
Q

Central Canal

A

Passes through the medulla and into the spinal cord

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11
Q

Meninges

A

Series of membranes
- Dura Mater: most superficial and provides a resilient layer around the brain - 2 sub layers divide to form dural venous sinuses (veins that drain blood from brain and scalp)
- Arachnoid mater: innermost surface of the dura and its fine strands extend across subarachnoid space (filled w/ CSF = watery cushion for brain) to pia mater
- Pia Mater: deepest meninx

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12
Q

CSF

A

1) CSF enters ventricles from choroid plexuses
2) CSF travels from ventricles to the subarachnoid space
3) CSF absorbed by arachnoid granulations (out-pocketings of the arachnoid mater) and enters the dural venous sinuses

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13
Q

Organization of the Brain

A

1) Nuclei: central gray matter
2) Ventricles: fluid-filled cavities surrounded by nuclei
3) Cortex: additional superficial region of gray matter
4) white matter containing axons travel to and from the brain’s nuclei and cortex and are ordered into tracts

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14
Q

Commissural Tracts

A

Connect the right and left sides fo the brain

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15
Q

Projection Tracts

A

Connect higher and lower regions of CNS. Ascending or descending depending on information flow.
- interneurons of the corticospinal and spinothalamic pathways

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16
Q

Association Tracts

A

Found in cerebrum and connect one part of the cortex to adjacent regions of the same hemisphere

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17
Q

Cerebral Hemisphere Lobes

A

1) Frontal
2) Parietal
3) Occipital
4) Temporal
5) Insular - tucked away in lateral sulcus

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18
Q

Gyri

A

Ridges that cover surface of cerebrum

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19
Q

Sulci

A

Grooves that cover cerebrum’s surface

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20
Q

Fissures

A

Major grooves that cover the cerebrum’s surface

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21
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

Separates the right and left hemispheres

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22
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Divides the frontal and parietal lobes

23
Q

Lateral Sulcus

A

Divides the temporal from frontal and parietal lobes

24
Q

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

A

Divides the parietal and occipital lobes

25
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

At the precentral gyrus and is responsible for initiating voluntary movement throughout the body by sending instructions down the brain to the motor division of the PNS=

26
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Where the body’s general senses arrive and is located on the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobes

27
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Neurons from the special senses project to the Occipiatal Lobe

28
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Temporal Lobe

29
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex

A

Temporal Lobe

30
Q

Primary Gustatory (taste) Cortex

A

Parietal and Insular Lobes

31
Q

Multimodal Association Areas

A

Found throughout the cortex and integrate inputs from multiple senses

32
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Important in social interactions and personality

33
Q

Diencephalon Structures

A

Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland

34
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces Melatonin

35
Q

Thalamus

A

Relay station of the brain because its the synapse site for nearly all sensory pathways: signals routed from the spinal cord or lower brain regions to the appropriate regions of the cerebral cortex

36
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Below the thalamus and has several nuclei containing: autonomic control centers, body control center, sleep cycle control center, emotional control center
- responds to stimuli in the brain by releasing hormones that control the pituitary gland

37
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Structure found suspended from the hypothalamus and produces hormones that control the thyroid, adrenal cortex, liver and reproductive function

38
Q

Midbrain

A

Narrow region between the pons and thalamus and contains some nuclei and lots of white matter
-cerebral peduncles
-corpora quadrigemina

39
Q

Cerebral Peduncles

A

Large bundles containing projection tracts and allow communication b/w the cerebral hemispheres and lower parts of the CNS

40
Q

Corpora Quadrigemina

A
  • Superior Colliculi: nuclei on posterior side of midbrain, initiates visual reflexes like the coordination of eye and head movements when tracking a moving object.
  • Inferior Colliculi: nuclei on posterior midbrain, receives auditory info and coordinates reflexive actions in response to sounds
41
Q

Pons

A
  • tracts of white matter
42
Q

Cerebellar Peduncles

A

Large bundles that other tracts arriving at the pons enter the cerebellum through

43
Q

Medullary pyramids

A

Large ridges on the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata that contain the descending corticospinal tracts that contain axons directing voluntary movements of the body
- several nuclei

44
Q

Nuclei Centers

A
  • Cardiovascular Centers: regulate heart rate and blood vessel diameter
  • Respiratory Centers: control depth and rate of breathing
  • Various Autonomic Centers: reflex centers for the gastrointestinal tract
45
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • little brain
  • cerebellar hemispheres: look like smaller version of cerebral hemispheres
  • outer cortex and inner white matter
  • above: informed about intent to initiate movements (cerebral hemispheres)
  • below: receives info from sensory receptors in muscles and joints that provide info about body’s position
46
Q

Arbor Vitae

A

Tree-like branching pattern of white matter from cerebellum when viewed from midsagittal section

47
Q

Vermis

A

Midline lobe at the center of the cerebellum

48
Q

Limbic System

A

Includes parts of the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus. Coordinate to recognize social cues and elicit emotions and memories

49
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Limits sensory information from reaching the conscious mind

50
Q

Cerebrum

A

Basal Nuclei: lies close to lateral ventricles in deepest recesses of cerebral hemisphere. Gray Matter clusters (regulate movement initiation and coordinated control of antagonistic muscle pairs)

51
Q

Internal Capsule

A

Basal nuclei clustered into 2 main bodies and separated by the large bundles of projection and association tracts (internal capsule)

52
Q

Globular Amygdala and Elongate Hippocampus

A
  • Inferior and lateral to basal nuclei and internal capsule
  • Involved in memory
  • Amygdala: decision-making and emotional responses
  • Hippocampus: spatial memory and navigation
53
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

At the midline of the brain and is a massive bundle of white matter containing axons responsible for communication b/w cerebral hemispheres
- largest commissural tracts

Biol 252L (18 decks)

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