Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Appendage

Question 1

(Pelvic Girdle) Ilium, ischium, pubis

Answer 1

Contribute to a centrally located socket for the femur, the acetabulum

Question 2

Acetabulum

Answer 2

Centrally located socket for the femur

Question 3

Pubic Symphysis

Answer 3

Connects the 2 hip bones anteriorly
- Fibrocartilaginous Joint
- Relatively immovable

Question 4

Sacroiliac Joints

Answer 4

Hip bones each attach to the sacrum posteriorly by this fibrous joint
- Relatively immovable

Question 5

Pelvis

Answer 5

Made up of the sacrum and 2 hip bones

Question 6

Iliac Crest

Answer 6

A prominent landmark of the ilium and can be easily palpated
- Can be followed anteriorly to the anterior superior iliac spine

Question 7

Anterior superior iliac spine

Answer 7

Anterior bump = attachment for the inguinal ligament

Question 8

Inguinal Ligament

Answer 8

Tough band that stretches to the pubis and creates a protected passageway for neurovascular structures passing to and from the pelvis to the lower limb

Question 9

Superior Ramus (branches) of the Pubis

Answer 9

Joins the ilium
- make connections with the other bones of the coxa

Question 10

Inferior Ramus of the pubis

Answer 10

Joins the ischium
- make connections with the other bones of the coxa

Question 11

Obturator Foramen

Answer 11

Large opening surrounded by the rami and it’s a conspicuous hole, where only small nerve and blood vessels pass through it
(covered by connective tissue)

Question 12

Ischial Tuberosity

Answer 12

Rough patch on the most inferior region of the pelvis (attachment site for hamstring muscles on posterior thigh)

Question 13

Ischial Spine

Answer 13

Projects posteriorly from the acetabulum and creates the greater sciatic notch

Question 14

Greater Sciatic Notch

Answer 14

Large notch created by ischial spine
- passageway for the body’s largest nerve: sciatic nerve

Question 15

Pelvic Inlet

Answer 15

Aperture formed by the superior ramus of the pubis, ilium, and sacrum
- Larger and rounder in females and allows fetus’s passage
- Larger sub-pubic angle in females

Question 16

Pelvic outlet

Answer 16

Opening at the bottom of the pelvis
- Larger in females

Question 17

Head of the Femur

Answer 17

Articulates with the acetabulum
- Ball and socket joint

Question 18

Femur’s Neck

Answer 18

Angles downward and somewhat laterally

Question 19

Greater Trochanter

Answer 19

• Attachment of hip rotators
• Eminence present below the neck for the attachment of leg muscles

Question 20

Lesser Trochanter

Answer 20

• Attachment of hip flexors
• Eminence present below the neck for the attachment of leg muscles

Question 21

Movement of Femur

Answer 21

• Internal Rotation: of the hip joint rotates femur inwardly
• External Rotation: rotates femur outwardly
• Extension: moves femur posteriorly
• Flexion: moves femur anteriorly
• Adduction: moves femur towards body
• Abduction: moves femur away from body

Question 22

Knee Joint

Answer 22

Articular Surface for the Patella: Patellar Surface
Articulates with the distal articular surface of the femur

Question 23

Tibia

Answer 23

Proximal end of tibia articulates with the femur at the knee

Question 24

Medial and Lateral Condyles

Answer 24

(proximal tibia)
Articulate with femoral condyles of the same name

Question 25

Medial and Lateral Menisci

Answer 25

C-shaped cartilages that wedge between femoral and tibial condyles
- Additional cartilage that lend support to the knee joint

Question 26

Knee

Answer 26

Hinge joint

Question 27

Tibial Tuberosity

Answer 27

Attachment for the patellar tendon from the thigh’s quadriceps muscles

Question 28

Head of the fibula

Answer 28

Does not contact the femur, only the tibia

Question 29

Tibiofibular Joints

Answer 29

The fibula articulates with the tibia proximally and distally

Question 30

Interosseous Membrane

Answer 30

Further stabilizes the tibia and fibula

Question 31

Lower Leg Segment

Answer 31

Crural Region

Question 32

Talocrual Joint

Answer 32

The joint between the lower leg and the talus bone of the foot
- Ankle joint
- Saddle joint

Question 33

Movement of the Ankle Joint

Answer 33

• Dorsiflexion: movement of the foot’s dorsum (upper surface) in a superior direction
• Plantar Flexion: moves plantar surface inferiorly (standing on toes)
• Inversion: turns the foot medially
• Eversion: turns the foot laterally

Question 34

Foot Digits

Answer 34

4 of them contain proximal, intermediate, and distal phalanges
(big toe -hallux- lacks the intermediate phalanx)

Question 35

Joints of the Phalanges

Answer 35

Metatarsophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalnageal

Question 36

Movements of the Foot

Answer 36

Inversion: of the talocrural joint rotates the foot inwardly
Eversion: the talocrural joint rotates the foot
Adduction: of the metatarsophalangeal joints moves the digit towards from digit II
Abduction: of the metatarsophalangeal joints moves the digit away digit II

Question 37

Talus

Answer 37

Forms a broad articular surface that glides against the tibia and is supported by the medial and lateral malleoli

Question 38

Calcaneus

Answer 38

Forming the heel of the foot

Question 39

Calcaneal (achilles) Tendon

Answer 39

Calcaneus is the attachment of the tendon

Question 40

5 Tarsals Forming the Arch of the Foot

Answer 40

Navicular, cuboid, cuneiform (medial, intermediate, and lateral) bones

Question 41

Plantar Fascia

Answer 41

Holds these bones in an arch
-strong ligament
- Only minimal movement among the planar intertarsal joints

Question 42

Femur Condyles

Answer 42

Medial and lateral condyles