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Year 1 - Anatomy > The Back, Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord - S1P4 > Flashcards

The Back, Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord - S1P4 Flashcards

deck complete

1
Q

functions of the back

A

supports body weight
transmits forces through pelvis to lower limbs
carry and position head
brace and manoeuvre upper limbs

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2
Q

what makes up the vertebral column

A

33 vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral - fused
3/4 coccygeal - fused

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3
Q

primary curvature of the spine

A

thoracic and sacral
concave anteriorly
kyphosis

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4
Q

secondary curvature of the spine

A

cervical and lumbar
concave posteriorly
lordosis

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5
Q

features of typical vertebrae

A

vertebral bodies
vertebral arch made up of pedicle and lamina

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6
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

c1-c7
typical c3-c6
atypical c1, 2 and 7
short bifid spinous processes
triangular vertebral foramen
transverse foramen

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7
Q

c1 - atlas

A

ring shaped
articulated with the head
lacks a vertebral body

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8
Q

c2 - axis

A

dens
- missing body from c1
no intervertebral disc between c1 and c2

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9
Q

c7

A

long spinous process

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10
Q

atlatooccipital joint

A

joins c1 and occipital bone
flexion and extension of head
‘yes’ joint

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11
Q

atlantoaxial joint

A

c1 and 2
rotation of head
‘no’ joint

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12
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

t1-t12
small vertebral foramen
long spinous processes

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13
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

l1-l5
large kidney shaped vertebral body
short and broad spinous processes
triangular vertebral foramen

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14
Q

sacrum

A

5 fused vertebrae

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15
Q

coccyx

A

3/4 fused vertebrae
lacks vertebral arches - no vertebral canal

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16
Q

joints of vertebral column

A

zygapophyseal joints
intervertebral joints

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17
Q

zygapophyseal joints

A

between superior and inferior articular facets
plane synovial joints

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18
Q

mobility of spine

A

cervical - flexion and extension
thoracic and lumbar - limited flexion and extension

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19
Q

intervertebral discs

A

absorb compressive forces
2 parts - anulus fibrosis (outer) and nucleus pulposus (inner)

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20
Q

anulus fibrosis

A

fibrocartilage
limits rotation between vertebrae

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21
Q

nucleus pulposus

A

gelatinous

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22
Q

ligaments of the vertebral column

A

supraspinous ligament
ligamentum nuchae
anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamenta flava

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23
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

strong fibrous cord joining spinous processes from c7 to sacrum

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24
Q

ligamentum nuchae

A

strong triangular ligament
from occipital bone to c7
helps return head to normal position
acts as muscle attachment site

25
Q

anterior longitudinal ligament

A

base of skull to sacrum
attached to anterior portion of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs

26
Q

posterior longitudinal ligament

A

from sacrum to c2
lines anterior surface of vertebral canal

27
Q

tectorial membrane

A

extension of posterior longitudinal ligament, runs from c2 to base of skull
lines anterior surface of vertebral canal

28
Q

ligamenta flava

A

connects ventral side of laminae of adjacent vertebrae
broad ligament
lines posterior surface of vertebral canal
resists separation of laminae in flexion
assists in extension back to anatomical position

29
Q

spinal cord

A

foramen magnum to L1/L2
conus medullaris
filum terminale
cervical and lumbosacral enlargements

30
Q

conus medullaris

A

cone shaped
distal end of spinal cord

31
Q

filum terminale

A

anchors spinal cord inferiorly

32
Q

spinal nerves

A

c1-c8
t1-t12
l1-l5
s1-s5
c0

33
Q

vertebral canal

A

deep to superficial:
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater

34
Q

muscles of the back

A

extrinsic
intermediate
intrinsic

35
Q

function of extrinsic muscles

A

move upper limbs

36
Q

functions of intermediate muscles

A

respiratory

37
Q

functions of intrinsic muscles

A

maintain posture
move vertebral column and head

38
Q

extrinsic muscles

A

trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid major and minor
levator scapulae

39
Q

action, origin, insertion and innervation of trapezius

A

action - elevates, rotates, retracts and depresses scapula
origin - superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of c7-t12
insertion - spine of scapula, acromion and lateral 1/3 of clavicle
innervation - spinal accessory nerve, cranial nerve 11

40
Q

action, origin, insertion and innervation of latissimus dorsi

A

action - extend, adducts and medially rotates humerus
origin - spinous processes of t7-l5 and sacrum
iliac crest, ribs 10-12
insertion - intertubercular sulcus of humerus
innervation - thoracodorsal nerve, branch of posterior cord of brachial plexus from c6-c8

41
Q

action, origin, insertion and innervation of rhomboid major and minor

A

action - elevates and retracts scapula
origin - minor: spinous processes of c7 and t1. major: spinous processes of t2-t5
insertion - medial border of scapula
innervation - dorsal scapular nerve

42
Q

action, origin, insertion and innervation of levator scapulae

A

action - elevation and inferior rotation of scapula
origin - transverse processes of c1-c4
insertion - medial border of scapula
innervation - anterior rami of spinal nerves c3 and c4 and dorsal scapular nerve (c5, branch of brachial plexus)

43
Q

intermediate muscles of back

A

serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior

44
Q

action, origin, and insertion of serratus posterior superior

A

action - elevates ribs 2-5
origin - ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of c7-t3
insertion - ribs 2-5

45
Q

action, origin, and insertion of serratus posterior inferior

A

action - depresses ribs 9-12
origin - spinous processes of t11-l3
insertion - ribs 9-12

46
Q

function of intrinsic muscles of back

A

maintain posture
move vertebral column - flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation

47
Q

intrinsic muscles of back

A

spinotransversales muscles
erector spinae muscles
transversospinales muscles

48
Q

spinotransversales muscles and their actions bilaterally and unilaterally

A

splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
action bilaterally - extends cervical and thoracic spine
action unilaterally - bends cervical and thoracic spine to same side

49
Q

action, origin, and insertion of splenius capitis

A

action bilaterally - draw head backwards, extending neck
action unilaterally - draw and rotate head to one side
origin - ligamentum nuchae
insertion - mastoid process on occipital bone

50
Q

action, origin, and insertion of splenius cervicis

A

action bilaterally - extend neck
action unilaterally - draw and rotate head to one side
origin - spinous processes t3-t4
insertion - transverse processes c1-c3

51
Q

erector spinae muscles and their actions bilaterally and unilaterally

A

iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
action bilaterally - straighten back and pull head posteriorly
action unilaterally - bend vertebral column laterally and turn head to side of contraction

52
Q

action, origin, and insertion of iliocostalis

A

action bilaterally - extends spine
action unilaterally - bends spine laterally
origin - common tendon: iliac crest, sacrum, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes
insertion - lower ribs and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

53
Q

action, origin, and insertion of longissimus

A

action bilaterally - extends head and spine
action unilaterally - bends spine laterally, flexes and rotates head
origin - common tendon
insertion - ribs, thoracic and cervical transverse processes, temporal bone

54
Q

action, origin, and insertion of spinalis

A

action bilaterally - extends cervical and thoracic spine
action unilaterally - bends cervical and thoracic spine
origin - common tendon
insertion - upper thoracic region spinous processes to skull

55
Q

transversospinalis muscles and their actions bilaterally and unilaterally

A

semispinalis
multifidus
rotatores
action bilaterally - extend vertebral column
action unilaterally - rotation in opposite direction

56
Q

action, origin, and insertion of semispinalis

A

action bilaterally - extends thoracic and cervical spine and head
action unilaterally - bend head, cervical and thoracic spines to same side, rotates to opposite side
origin - transverse processes of c4-t12
insertion - occipital bone, thoracic and cervical spinous processes

57
Q

action, origin, and insertion of multifidus

A

action bilaterally - extends spine
action unilaterally - flexes spine to same side, rotates to opposite side
origin - sacrum, ilium, mammillary processes of l1-l5, transverse processes of t1-t4 and c4-c7
insertion - spinous processes

58
Q

action, origin, and insertion of rotatores

A

action bilaterally - extends thoracic spine
action unilaterally - rotates thoracic spine to opposite side
origin - transverse processes
insertion - lamina and transverse processes or spinous processes

Year 1 - Anatomy (17 decks)

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