The Back, Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord - S1P4 Flashcards
deck complete
functions of the back
supports body weight
transmits forces through pelvis to lower limbs
carry and position head
brace and manoeuvre upper limbs
what makes up the vertebral column
33 vertebrae
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral - fused
3/4 coccygeal - fused
primary curvature of the spine
thoracic and sacral
concave anteriorly
kyphosis
secondary curvature of the spine
cervical and lumbar
concave posteriorly
lordosis
features of typical vertebrae
vertebral bodies
vertebral arch made up of pedicle and lamina
cervical vertebrae
c1-c7
typical c3-c6
atypical c1, 2 and 7
short bifid spinous processes
triangular vertebral foramen
transverse foramen
c1 - atlas
ring shaped
articulated with the head
lacks a vertebral body
c2 - axis
dens
- missing body from c1
no intervertebral disc between c1 and c2
c7
long spinous process
atlatooccipital joint
joins c1 and occipital bone
flexion and extension of head
‘yes’ joint
atlantoaxial joint
c1 and 2
rotation of head
‘no’ joint
thoracic vertebrae
t1-t12
small vertebral foramen
long spinous processes
lumbar vertebrae
l1-l5
large kidney shaped vertebral body
short and broad spinous processes
triangular vertebral foramen
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae
coccyx
3/4 fused vertebrae
lacks vertebral arches - no vertebral canal
joints of vertebral column
zygapophyseal joints
intervertebral joints
zygapophyseal joints
between superior and inferior articular facets
plane synovial joints
mobility of spine
cervical - flexion and extension
thoracic and lumbar - limited flexion and extension
intervertebral discs
absorb compressive forces
2 parts - anulus fibrosis (outer) and nucleus pulposus (inner)
anulus fibrosis
fibrocartilage
limits rotation between vertebrae
nucleus pulposus
gelatinous
ligaments of the vertebral column
supraspinous ligament
ligamentum nuchae
anterior longitudinal ligament
posterior longitudinal ligament
ligamenta flava
supraspinous ligament
strong fibrous cord joining spinous processes from c7 to sacrum
ligamentum nuchae
strong triangular ligament
from occipital bone to c7
helps return head to normal position
acts as muscle attachment site
anterior longitudinal ligament
base of skull to sacrum
attached to anterior portion of vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs
posterior longitudinal ligament
from sacrum to c2
lines anterior surface of vertebral canal
tectorial membrane
extension of posterior longitudinal ligament, runs from c2 to base of skull
lines anterior surface of vertebral canal
ligamenta flava
connects ventral side of laminae of adjacent vertebrae
broad ligament
lines posterior surface of vertebral canal
resists separation of laminae in flexion
assists in extension back to anatomical position
spinal cord
foramen magnum to L1/L2
conus medullaris
filum terminale
cervical and lumbosacral enlargements
conus medullaris
cone shaped
distal end of spinal cord
filum terminale
anchors spinal cord inferiorly
spinal nerves
c1-c8
t1-t12
l1-l5
s1-s5
c0
vertebral canal
deep to superficial:
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
muscles of the back
extrinsic
intermediate
intrinsic
function of extrinsic muscles
move upper limbs
functions of intermediate muscles
respiratory
functions of intrinsic muscles
maintain posture
move vertebral column and head
extrinsic muscles
trapezius
latissimus dorsi
rhomboid major and minor
levator scapulae
action, origin, insertion and innervation of trapezius
action - elevates, rotates, retracts and depresses scapula
origin - superior nuchal line, ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of c7-t12
insertion - spine of scapula, acromion and lateral 1/3 of clavicle
innervation - spinal accessory nerve, cranial nerve 11
action, origin, insertion and innervation of latissimus dorsi
action - extend, adducts and medially rotates humerus
origin - spinous processes of t7-l5 and sacrum
iliac crest, ribs 10-12
insertion - intertubercular sulcus of humerus
innervation - thoracodorsal nerve, branch of posterior cord of brachial plexus from c6-c8
action, origin, insertion and innervation of rhomboid major and minor
action - elevates and retracts scapula
origin - minor: spinous processes of c7 and t1. major: spinous processes of t2-t5
insertion - medial border of scapula
innervation - dorsal scapular nerve
action, origin, insertion and innervation of levator scapulae
action - elevation and inferior rotation of scapula
origin - transverse processes of c1-c4
insertion - medial border of scapula
innervation - anterior rami of spinal nerves c3 and c4 and dorsal scapular nerve (c5, branch of brachial plexus)
intermediate muscles of back
serratus posterior superior
serratus posterior inferior
action, origin, and insertion of serratus posterior superior
action - elevates ribs 2-5
origin - ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of c7-t3
insertion - ribs 2-5
action, origin, and insertion of serratus posterior inferior
action - depresses ribs 9-12
origin - spinous processes of t11-l3
insertion - ribs 9-12
function of intrinsic muscles of back
maintain posture
move vertebral column - flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation
intrinsic muscles of back
spinotransversales muscles
erector spinae muscles
transversospinales muscles
spinotransversales muscles and their actions bilaterally and unilaterally
splenius capitis
splenius cervicis
action bilaterally - extends cervical and thoracic spine
action unilaterally - bends cervical and thoracic spine to same side
action, origin, and insertion of splenius capitis
action bilaterally - draw head backwards, extending neck
action unilaterally - draw and rotate head to one side
origin - ligamentum nuchae
insertion - mastoid process on occipital bone
action, origin, and insertion of splenius cervicis
action bilaterally - extend neck
action unilaterally - draw and rotate head to one side
origin - spinous processes t3-t4
insertion - transverse processes c1-c3
erector spinae muscles and their actions bilaterally and unilaterally
iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis
action bilaterally - straighten back and pull head posteriorly
action unilaterally - bend vertebral column laterally and turn head to side of contraction
action, origin, and insertion of iliocostalis
action bilaterally - extends spine
action unilaterally - bends spine laterally
origin - common tendon: iliac crest, sacrum, sacral and inferior lumbar spinous processes
insertion - lower ribs and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae
action, origin, and insertion of longissimus
action bilaterally - extends head and spine
action unilaterally - bends spine laterally, flexes and rotates head
origin - common tendon
insertion - ribs, thoracic and cervical transverse processes, temporal bone
action, origin, and insertion of spinalis
action bilaterally - extends cervical and thoracic spine
action unilaterally - bends cervical and thoracic spine
origin - common tendon
insertion - upper thoracic region spinous processes to skull
transversospinalis muscles and their actions bilaterally and unilaterally
semispinalis
multifidus
rotatores
action bilaterally - extend vertebral column
action unilaterally - rotation in opposite direction
action, origin, and insertion of semispinalis
action bilaterally - extends thoracic and cervical spine and head
action unilaterally - bend head, cervical and thoracic spines to same side, rotates to opposite side
origin - transverse processes of c4-t12
insertion - occipital bone, thoracic and cervical spinous processes
action, origin, and insertion of multifidus
action bilaterally - extends spine
action unilaterally - flexes spine to same side, rotates to opposite side
origin - sacrum, ilium, mammillary processes of l1-l5, transverse processes of t1-t4 and c4-c7
insertion - spinous processes
action, origin, and insertion of rotatores
action bilaterally - extends thoracic spine
action unilaterally - rotates thoracic spine to opposite side
origin - transverse processes
insertion - lamina and transverse processes or spinous processes
