Chest Wall and Diaphragm - S2P3

Question 1

what is the thorax

Answer 1

chest wall and thoracic cavity

Question 2

functions of the chest wall

Answer 2

respiration
protection
muscles attachment

Question 3

what is in the thoracic cavity

Answer 3

3 major spaces
heart with coverings (pericardium - pericardial cavity) and major vessels
lungs with coverings (pleura - pleural cavity)

Question 4

movements of the chest wall during inspiration

Answer 4

increases thoracic volume
lower ribs (bucket handle) swing superiorly/laterally
upper ribs (pump handle) - sternum and ribs elevate and move anteriorly

Question 5

what makes up the chest wall

Answer 5

thoracic vertebrae
ribs
sternum - manubrium, body, xiphoid process
intercostal spaces - intercostal muscles

Question 6

characteristics of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 6

heart shaped body
costal facets
transverse costal facets
small vertebral foramen
long spinous process

Question 7

true ribs

Answer 7

1-7
articulate with sternum and own costal cartilage
1st rib scalene tubercle - anterior scalene muscle attaches, subclavian artery passes

Question 8

false ribs

Answer 8

8-10
articulate via costal margins

Question 9

floating ribs

Answer 9

11-12
not attaches anteriorly
protect kidneys

Question 10

characteristics of ribs

Answer 10

head
neck
tubercle
angle - beginning of curve round
costal groove/subcostal groove

Question 11

parts of the sternum

Answer 11

manubrium
body
xiphoid process
sternal angle

Question 12

features of the sternum

Answer 12

secondary cartilaginous
slight angle - manubriosternal angle
easy to locate costal cartilage rib 2 here, superior mediastinum above
completes thoracic cage anteriorly

Question 13

joints of the thorax

Answer 13

intervertebral - between vertebrae
costovertebral - ribs and vertebrae - not ribs 1, 11 and 12
sternocostal - sternum and ribs - 1 primary cartilaginous, 2-7 synovial
interchondral - ribs and costal margin - 7-10, synovial
manubriosternal - sternal angle, important landmark
xiphisternal - between

Question 14

features of the thoracic diaphragm

Answer 14

separation between thoracic and abdominal cavities
key muscle of respiration
major muscle of inspiration
musculotendinous structure - outer muscular, central tendon
2 domes - left and right
crura - right and left crus, leg like

Question 15

arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm

Answer 15

medial - middle arches
lateral - side
median - middle, 1

Question 16

motor innervation of the diaphragm

Answer 16

phrenic nerves - left and right

Question 17

sensory innervation of the diaphragm

Answer 17

phrenic nerves and intercostal nerves - C3, 4 and 5 keeps your diaphragm alive

Question 18

accessory muscles of respiration

Answer 18

sternocleidomastoid - elevates sternum
scalene muscles - anterior, middle, posterior
pectoralis major and minor
serrates anterior - elevated ribs to assist inspiration
intercostal muscles - 3 layers

Question 19

layers of intercostal muscles

Answer 19

external
internal
innermost

Question 20

external intercostals

Answer 20

most anterior
originate from inferior margin of rib above
attach to superior margin of rib below
fibres pass anteriorly and inferiorly
elevates ribs to assist inspiration

Question 21

internal intercostals

Answer 21

originates from lateral edge of costal groove of rib above
attaches to superior margin of rib below
passes inferiorly and posteriorly
depresses ribs to assist active expiration

Question 22

innermost intercostals

Answer 22

originates from medial edge of costal groove of rib above to superior margin of rib below
fibres pass posteriorly and inferiorly
depresses ribs to assist active expiration

Question 23

intercostal space

Answer 23

between adjacent ribs - intercostal muscles
neurovascular bundle - VAN
between inner and innermost intercostals

Question 24

intercostal nerves

Answer 24

spinal nerves T1-T11
subcostal nerve T12
motor supply to thoracic wall muscles

Question 25

arterial supply

Answer 25

posterior intercostal arteries - descending aorta
anterior intercostal arteries - internal thoracic

Question 26

venous drainage

Answer 26

accompany names of arteries

Question 27

***KEY QUESTION diaphragmatic openings

Answer 27

caval opening - IVC and right phrenic nerve at T8
oesophageal hiatus - oesophagus and vagus nerve at T10
aortic hiatus (behind) - aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein at T12
I8 10 EGGs AAT 12