Respiratory Tract - S2P4

Question 1

divisions of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 1

nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea

Question 2

bones of the nasal cavity

Answer 2

frontal bone
ethmoid bone
sphenoid bone
palatine bone
maxilla
inferior nasal concha
lacrimal bone
nasal cartilage
nasal bone

Question 3

airflow through nasal cavity

Answer 3

anterior nares
through conchae - ethmoid bone
posterior names
nasopharynx
turbulent air flow

Question 4

features of mucosal lining of nasal cavity

Answer 4

respiratory mucosa
highly vascular - blood warms air
mucus secreting
ciliated epithelium
goblet cells
olfactory epithelium - smell

Question 5

features of conchae

Answer 5

creates turbulent air flow - increases surface area and warms air
superior, middle and inferior conchae
superior and middle part of ethmoid bone

Question 6

paranasal sinuses

Answer 6

frontal
ethmoidal
sphenoidal
maxillary

Question 7

features of paranasal sinuses

Answer 7

lined with respiratory mucosa
pain with cold - one hole, respiratory mucosa swells and closes hole, builds pressure

Question 8

openings from sinuses into nasal cavity

Answer 8

sphenoid - sphenoethmoidal recess
maxillary - semilunar hiatus
frontal - frontonasal sinus
ethmoidal air cells - many small openings

Question 9

***KEY QUESTION functions of the nasal cavity

Answer 9

1. warms air - highly vascularised mucosal lining
2. humidifies air - mucosa moist, saturates air as it passes through
3. filters air - hairs in nares trap large particles and mucus traps smaller particles
4. smell - olfactory epithelium on roof of nasal cavity

Question 10

divisions of the pharynx

Answer 10

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

Question 11

boundaries of the nasopharynx

Answer 11

anterior - posterior nares
superior - sphenoid and occiput
posterior - pharyngeal constrictor muscles, retropharyngeal space
lateral - mucosal wall
inferior - soft palate

Question 12

boundaries of the oropharynx

Answer 12

superior - soft palate
inferior - upper margin of epiglottis
anterior - continuous with oral cavity
posterior - pharyngeal constrictor muscles
lateral - tonsils, mucosal wall

Question 13

boundaries of the laryngopharynx

Answer 13

superior - upper margin of epiglottis
inferior - 6th cervical vertbrae
anterior - continuous with larynx
posterior - pharyngeal constrictor muscles
lateral - mucosal wall

Question 14

constrictor muscles of the pharynx

Answer 14

superior
middle
inferior

Question 15

longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

Answer 15

stylopharyngeus
salpingopharyngeus
palatopharyngeus

Question 16

sensory innervation of the pharynx

Answer 16

trigeminal nerve
pharyngeal plexus - glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve

Question 17

motor innervation of the pharynx

Answer 17

vagus nerve

Question 18

functions of the pharynx

Answer 18

1. passageway - respiratory and digestive
2. warms and humidifies air - nasopharynx lined with respiratory epithelium
3. protection from infection - lymphoid tissue - tonsils
4. speech - sound resonates in the pharynx

Question 19

features of the larynx

Answer 19

anterior to c3-6
link between pharynx and trachea
contains voice box/vocal cords
comprised of cartilage and ligaments

Question 20

structure of larynx

Answer 20

cartilaginous
- 1 thyroid
- 1 cricoid
- 1 epiglottis
- 2 arytenoid cartilages
adjoining ligaments
- thyrohyoid ligament
- cricothyroid ligament
- quadrangular ligament

Question 21

features of thyroid cartilage

Answer 21

superior horn
laryngeal prominence
lamina
inferior horn

Question 22

features of cricoid cartilage

Answer 22

arch anteriorly
lamina posteriorly
only place where airway is circled

Question 23

laryngeal muscles

Answer 23

cricothyroid muscle
lateral cricoarytenoid*
posterior cricoarytenoid*
transverse arytenoid*
*innervated by recurrent branch of vagus nerve

Question 24

features of vocal cords

Answer 24

vocal folds within laynx
chink of glottis
cricovocal membrane
vocal cords
arytenoid cartilages

Question 25

movement of epiglottis and larynx

Answer 25

chewing - open swallowing - closed hyoid bone moves up, takes larynx structures with it

Question 26

innervation of larynx

Answer 26

vagus nerve - superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves recurrent: - right side under subclavian a. - left side under aortic arch - travel in groove between oesophagus and trachea

Question 27

functions of larynx

Answer 27

1. sound production 2. protection of lower resp tract when swallowing 3. passageway to resp system 4. humidify, warm and filter air

Question 28

features of the trachea

Answer 28

continuous inferiorly with larynx from neck to thorax anterior to oesophagus c shaped cartilaginous rings ends at T4

Question 29

function of the trachea

Answer 29

patency - c shaped cartilaginous rings hold airway open muscociliary escalator - rhythmic wafting of cilia moves particles towards larynx

Question 30

histology in conduction of the respiratory tract

Answer 30

passageway for air - warm and humidify, filter pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium goblet cells - secrete mucus hyaline cartilage for structural support

Question 31

histology in process of respiratory tract

Answer 31

reduction in size of lumen - decrease in height of cells - decrease in number of cilia - decrease in number of goblet cells - smaller cartilage deposits - smooth muscle pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Question 32

histology in exchange of respiratory tract

Answer 32

exchange of gases simple squamous macrophages to fight infection no goblet cells

Question 33

histology - respiratory epithelium

Answer 33

pseudostratified columnar ciliated - wafting goblet cells - mucus producing

Question 34

histology - trachea

Answer 34

hyaline cartilage - large, holds trachea open respiratory epithelium blood vessels

Question 35

histology - bronchiole

Answer 35

respiratory epithelium smooth muscle alveoli hyaline cartilage artery

Question 36

histology - terminal bronchiole

Answer 36

simple cuboidal epithelium no goblet cells shorter cells fewer cilia no cartilage smooth muscle pulmonary artery

Question 37

histology - alveoli

Answer 37

simple squamous epithelium