Pleural Cavities and Lungs - S2P2

Question 1

tracheal cartilage

Answer 1

c shaped hyaline cartilaginous rings - allows food to pass through oesophagus

Question 2

where does the trachea bifurcate

Answer 2

T9/T10
carina - hook shaped tracheal ring, around sternal angle

Question 3

what does the trachea bifurcate into

Answer 3

right and left main bronchi

Question 4

features of the right main bronchus

Answer 4

wider
vertical
shorter
divides into 3

Question 5

features of left main bronchus

Answer 5

long
more horizontal
thin
divides into 2

Question 6

process of bronchial tree

Answer 6

trachea
main bronchus - PRIMARY
lobar bronchi - 3R 2L, goes to each lobe - SECONDARY
segmental bronchi - TERTIARY
conducting bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveoli
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs

Question 7

features of alveoli

Answer 7

microscopic air cells
single layer epithelial cells and elastic fibres line walls - allows stretching and contracting during breathing
surrounded by network of capillaries for gas exchange
coated in thin layer of pulmonary surfactant

Question 8

what does surfactant do

Answer 8

prevents alveoli from collapsing

Question 9

features of lungs

Answer 9

elastic connective tissue
airways
blood vessels
nerves
lymphatic tissue

Question 10

lobes of the right lung

Answer 10

superior
middle
inferior

Question 11

lobes of the left lung

Answer 11

superior
inferior

Question 12

fissures of the right lung

Answer 12

oblique - splits middle and inferior
horizontal - splits superior and middle

Question 13

fissures of the left lung

Answer 13

oblique - splits lobes
lingula - tongue bit

Question 14

borders of the lungs

Answer 14

apex
anterior border
posterior border
inferior border

Question 15

surfaces of the lungs

Answer 15

costal surface
medial surface
diaphragmatic surface - base

Question 16

what is the hilum of the lungs

Answer 16

wedge shaped structure where important structures enter/exit lungs

Question 17

features of the hilum

Answer 17

root - top
hilum
pulmonary ligament

Question 18

impressions of the right mediastinal surface

Answer 18

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
oesophagus
azygos vein

Question 19

impressions of the left mediastinal surface

Answer 19

heart
aortic arch
descending thoracic aorta
oesophagus

Question 20

main structures entering hilum

Answer 20

primary bronchi
pulmonary arteries - deoxygenated blood

Question 21

main structures exiting hilum

Answer 21

pulmonary veins - oxygenated blood

Question 22

other structures of the hilum

Answer 22

bronchial arteries and veins
lymph vessels
efferent and afferent autonomic nerves

Question 23

what do the pulmonary arteries bifurcate into

Answer 23

lobar and segmental arteries

Question 24

features of the pleural cavity

Answer 24

divided into right and left
lining membrane
pleural sac

Question 25

what are the 2 layers of pleura

Answer 25

parietal pleura visceral pleura continuous pleural membrane - name depends what its lining

Question 26

sections of parietal pleura

Answer 26

costal mediastinal diaphragmatic cervical

Question 27

features of visceral pleura

Answer 27

adheres to walls of lung covers surface of each lobe

Question 28

what fills the pleural cavity

Answer 28

serous fluid - lubrication/lack of friction stops difficulty breathing

Question 29

midaxillary line

Answer 29

from middle of armpit

Question 30

midclavicular line

Answer 30

from middle of clavicle

Question 31

costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 31

between costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura can fill with air/fluid - press on lungs reducing ability to breathe

Question 32

sections of the mediastinum

Answer 32

superior inferior - anterior, middle and posterior

Question 33

where does the mediastinum divide

Answer 33

where the trachea bifurcates

Question 34

contents of the superior mediastinum

Answer 34

great vessels thymus - typically only seen in children oesophagus trachea vagus nerves phrenic nerves left recurrent laryngeal nerve thoracic duct

Question 35

middle mediastinum contents

Answer 35

heart pericardium great vessels trachea

Question 36

posterior mediastinum contents

Answer 36

thoracic aorta azygous vein main bronchi oesophagus vagus nerves phrenic nerves posterior intercostal arteries and veins thoracic duct

Question 37

innervation of parietal pleura

Answer 37

somatic innervation - can feel pain

Question 38

innervation of costal pleura

Answer 38

intercostal nerves

Question 39

innervation of mediastinal pleura

Answer 39

phrenic nerves - C3, 4 and 5

Question 40

innervation of the diaphragmatic pleura

Answer 40

phrenic nerves lower 5 intercostal nerves to periphery

Question 41

innervation of the visceral pleura

Answer 41

autonomic innervation - wont feel pain but can feel stretch

Question 42

what does the vagus nerve supply

Answer 42

parasympathetic supply to all organs of thorax

Question 43

what does the phrenic nerve supply

Answer 43

motor and sensory innervation to diaphragm