Heart and Great Vessels - S2P5

Question 1

where within the thorax is the heart located

Answer 1

mediastinum

Question 2

what is the name of the membranes surrounding the heart

Answer 2

pericardium

Question 3

what is the mediastinum

Answer 3

space between the right and left lungs

Question 4

where is the middle mediastinum and what does it contain

Answer 4

plane of sternal angle - intersects spine between T4/T5
in transpyloric plane
contains heart and pericardium

Question 5

which part of the aorta falls in the superior mediastinum

Answer 5

arch

Question 6

what structures lie in the posterior mediastinum

Answer 6

oesophagus
descending aorta
thoracic duct
azygos veins
vagus nerves
sympathetic chains

Question 7

which structure does the heart lie posterior to

Answer 7

sternum

Question 8

what is the right border of the heart

Answer 8

1cm to right of sternum
between 3rd and 6th intercostal cartilages

Question 9

what is the left border of the heart

Answer 9

2nd costal cartilage to apex - 5th intercostal space in midclavicular line

Question 10

what is the fibrous pericardium

Answer 10

tough outer layer, rigid structure
attaches to diaphragm

Question 11

what is the serous pericardium

Answer 11

provides small amount of serous fluid giving lubrication allowing heart to beat
2 layered inner layer of pericardium
parietal layer lines inner surface of fibrous pericardium
visceral layer covers outer surface of heart - sometimes called epicardium

Question 12

what forms the myocardium

Answer 12

cardiac muscle

Question 13

what forms the epicardium

Answer 13

visceral layer of serous pericardium

Question 14

what is the endocardium

Answer 14

thin endothelial layer lining internal surfaces of heart

Question 15

4 chambers of the heart and their functions

Answer 15

right and left atriums and ventricles
right side receives deoxygenated blood from body
left side received oxygenated blood from lungs

Question 16

what is the apex of the heart

Answer 16

left ventricle
5th intercostal space in mid-clavicular line

Question 17

where do the ‘right’ and ‘left’ sides of the heart actually lie

Answer 17

right - anteriorly
left - posteriorly

Question 18

where does blood from the head, neck and upper limbs come from

Answer 18

superior vena cava

Question 19

where does blood from the abdomen and lower limbs come from

Answer 19

inferior vena cava

Question 20

what does the right atrium do

Answer 20

receives blood from superior and inferior vena cavas and coronary sinus

Question 21

what are the distinguishing features of the right atrium

Answer 21

sinus venarum
pectinate muscles
crista terminalis
interatrial septum (fossa ovalis)

Question 22

which valve lies between the right atrium and ventricle

Answer 22

tricuspid valve

Question 23

what does the right ventricle do

Answer 23

receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium and pumps blood into pulmonary trunk

Question 24

what are the distinguishing features of the right ventricle

Answer 24

trabeculae carneae
papillary muscles
chordae tendineae
conus arteriosis

Question 25

what valve lies between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Answer 25

pulmonary valve

Question 26

what does the left atrium do

Answer 26

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins

Question 27

what are the distinguishing features of the left atrium

Answer 27

pectinate muscles (in appendage)
interatrial septum (fossa ovalis)
just a receiving chamber so essentially featureless

Question 28

what valve lies between the left atrium and ventricle

Answer 28

mitral valve

Question 29

what does the left ventricle do

Answer 29

receives oxygenated blood from left atrium

Question 30

distinguishing features of the left ventricle

Answer 30

trabeculae carnea
papillary muscles
cordae tendinae
very thick wall due to need to pump blood all round body

Question 31

what valve lies between the left ventricle and the aorta

Answer 31

aortic valve

Question 32

tricuspid valve

Answer 32

between RA and RV
3 cusps

Question 33

mitral valve

Answer 33

between LA and LV
2 cusps

Question 34

pulmonary valve

Answer 34

between RV and PT
3 cusps

Question 35

aortic valve

Answer 35

between LV and aorta
3 cusps

Question 36

semi-lunar valves

Answer 36

pulmonary valve and aortic valve
implies 2 cusps but both have 3

Question 37

function of cordae tendinae and papillary muscles

Answer 37

support valve cusps

Question 38

conducting system of the heart

Answer 38

continuity of cardiac muscle fibres mean a single impulse travels through entire muscle sheet without needing separate stimuli for each
cardiac muscle is a branching system with 2 pacemaker areas
nerve supply from autonomic nervous system

Question 39

primary pacemaker

Answer 39

sinoatrial node

Question 40

secondary pacemaker

Answer 40

atrioventricular node

Question 41

how does heart beat

Answer 41

inherently, pace set by sinoatrial node

Question 42

coronary circulation

Answer 42

arterial supply from coronary arteries (L&R)

Question 43

features of coronary arteries

Answer 43

first branches of aorta
arise from aortic sinuses
5% of total heart output
considerable biological variability

Question 44

meaning of corona

Answer 44

crown
arrangement of coronary arteries looks like a crown

Question 45

branches of the right coronary a.

Answer 45

2 major branches
- marginal a.
- posterior interventricular a.
2 others
- sinoatrial nodal a.
- atrioventricular nodal a.

Question 46

features of right coronary a.

Answer 46

most coronary circulations right dominant
each major branch accompanies by vein

Question 47

branches of left coronary a.

Answer 47

2 main
- anterior interventricular a. (LAD = left anterior descending)
- circumflex a.
2 others
- diagonal a.
- left marginal a.

Question 48

cardiac venous drainage

Answer 48

3 systems
- great cardiac v. (LCA)
- middle cardiac v. (RCA)
- small cardiac v. (RCA
all drain to coronary sinus

Question 49

where is the root of the great vessels

Answer 49

middle mediastinum

Question 50

3 branches of aortic arch

Answer 50

brachiocephalic trunk
left common carotid a.
left subclavian a.

Question 51

branches of brachiocephalic trunk

Answer 51

right common carotid a.
right subclavian a.

Question 52

great vessels of the heart

Answer 52

ascending aorta
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
left and right pulmonary arteries
left and right pulmonary veins

Question 53

branches of the superior vena cava

Answer 53

left and right brachiocephalic veins

Question 54

branches of the right brachiocephalic vein

Answer 54

right internal jugular v.
right subclavian v.