test questions Flashcards
two types of myelin producing glia
oligodendrocytes (CNS shwann cells (PNS)
name a glia associated disease
MS will eat myelin cells
give example of ligand gated ion channel- extracellular
glutamate NMDA (glutamate binds Na in/ K out) -> depolarization
primary intracellular cation
K+
primary extracellular anion
Cl-
does K more in or out of cell
out (wants to be -90)
loss of k causes hyper or depolarizing?
hyper = loss of + = more negative
example of a direct transporter
Na/K ATPase
an indirect active transporter
metabotropic (g protein coupled)
GABAb -> hyperpolarization (loss of K= more negative )
muscarinic Ach
at -10 mV which direction will Na move, if happy place is +67
into cell -> depolarization (more positive)
B what type of ion channel
depolarization
voltage gated Na channel
absoulte vs relative
absolute = Na channels innactive,
relative- Na channels reset, can go if very big AP
GABA would cause ___
hyperpolarization (more negative)
lets Cl- into cell (gaba A_
(lets K out of cell) GABAB)
what two factors will improve axon potential conduction velocity and distance?
increase diameter of axon
increase amount of Na channels on axon
myelination
E
C
A
E
gap junction vs chemical transmission
how does botulinum work
attacks t and v snares, prevent release of NT, = no contraction of muscle
SNAREs
bind vesicle with NT to plasma and allow release
t and v
3 ways to use ACh
somatic → Ach cause muscle contraction
Sympathetic → pre to post
para: both pre and post
Left is ___, right is ___
sympathetic
parasympathetic
what is in the tegmentum
floor of mesencephalon (midbrain)
some reticular nuceli, cerebellar relay nuclei, substantia nigra and crus cerebri
what is in the tectum
roof of midbrain
superior and inferior colliculi
what are projection nuceli and give 3 exmaples
nuceli not with CN
VPM
VPL
MGN (medial geniculuate nucelus → from inferior colliculus → primary auditory coetex A1
name of the receptor that functions as the rececptor in a tension control system
golgi tendon organ
withdrawl reflex when it goes wrong is called
crossed extension reflex
contract
none
golgi tendon organ fires less frequently causing the motor neuron to fire more rapidly
5 lobes and the primary receiving areas in them
piriform → smell
frontal - motor cortex
parietal - somatosensory cortex
occipital - visual
temporal - auditory
what are the medial group nuceli and where do they project?
name 4 lateral projection nuceli
name a disease that effects ion channel?
myasthenia gravis ACh receptors (ligand gates) are not working well
will give anti breakdown of Ach to allow more time for ACh to bind
B voltage sensitive channels are concentrated at active zones
what is shared in the inactivated of serotonin and catecholamines
MOA
what breaks down Ach
acetycholinesterase → acetic acid and choline
how are amino acid NT inactivated
rapid reuptake back into the presynaptic terminal and surrounding glial cell
what is a motor neuronal pool
group of motor neurons that innervate a spefic muscle
gaps in myelin
nodes of raniver
jumping of AP down axon
saltatory conduction
calcium channels in the pre synaptic neurons are ___
voltage sensitive
___ act to bring vesicles close to the membrane
SNAREs
GABAb is an example of a ___ receptors
metabotropic → allow K to leave → hyperpolarization
GABA a is a ionotropic (allows Cl- into cell)
